Cyperus erythrorhizos - redroot flatsedge; walau (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- seed is pulverized with a wooden mortar and pestle, cooked as mush, eaten (Gifford 1931:24)

Cyperus esculentus - yellow nutgrass; kwarao (Cocopa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- seeds are used (Castetter and Bell 1951:187, 192)
• Archaeological occurrence
  • Cape Region (Fujita 2008c:43)

Cyrtocarpa edulis - plum, ciruelo

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- fruit or nut is eaten (Aschmann 1966:51; Barco 1973:58; Venegas 1943(1):56)
  • Pericú -- berry is eaten (Andrews 1979:41-42, 67)
• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:593)

Dasylirion sp. - sotol.

• Kumeyaay -- used as thatching (Michelsen 1968:1)

Dasylirion wheeleri - sotol; jiwálo, xiwalu (Kiliwa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kiliwa -- wood is used for fire-making drill and hearth; thatching for house (Meigs 1939:11, 29; Michelsen 1977a:22)
  • Kumeyaay -- used to thatch house (Michelsen 1968:1)

Datura sp. - jimsonweed, toloache; ibukuójma, ñibokuójamán, nypkwxmaan, smiilkwxaa (Kiliwa); smalktúdj (Paipai); smal ka:pí:t (Cocopa); kusi, kusi malkapit (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kiliwa -- root is crushed and eaten; used for visions, luck in gambling, wisdom; not used in boys' initiation (Meigs 1939:10, 48-49, 64)
  • Paipai -- ground on a metate and drunk to become a shaman, hunter, or gambler; taken by youths to induce visions (Bendímez 1989:36; Gifford and Lowie 1928:344; Meigs 1977:17)
  • Cocopa -- green leaf is pounded in a mortar, juice is added to water, used in boys' initiation (Gifford 1933:305)
  • Kumeyaay -- leaf is pounded in a mortar, mixed with water, brewed as a tea, drunk; portion of root drunk as a hallucinogen in boys' initiation ceremony; used by shamans and gamblers (Almstedt 1977:28; Gifford 1931:73; Hedges 1986:17; Hohenthal 2001:124, 206, 252, 254, 281; Shipek 1991:50; Spier 1923:312, 316-321)

Daucus pusillus - American wild carrot

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- whole plant is boiled, drunk as a tea for toothache, fever (Shipek 1991:89)

Descurainia pinnata - tansy mustard, pamita; x'iir (Kiliwa); kesen (Cocopa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- seed is pounded in a mortar, winnowed, parched, ground (Castetter and Bell 1951:187, 191-192)

Digitaria sp. - crabgrass

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:300)

Digitaria californica sp. - Arizona cottontop

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:299)

Diplacus puniceus - red bush monkeyflower

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- dried, stored, boiled for tea to treat menstruation (Shipek 1991:94)

Distichlis palmeri - wild rice, trigo salado; t'il (Kiliwa); n^ypa:, nyipa, nipa (Cocopa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- harvested in April or May to June, dried using fire, threshed, winnowed, shelled, ground; made into mush, mixed with meat, cooked into cake, or meal from parched seed is eaten (Castetter and Bell 1951:187, 192-194; Gifford 1933:267; Kelly 1977:24, 26, 34-36; Kniffen 1931:52)

Distichlis spicata - saltgrass

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- boiled, used as a rinse for sore mouth (Shipek 1991:89)

Distichlis stricta - desert saltgrass; xusí (Cocopa)

Dudleya sp. - liveforever

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- eaten (Shipek 1991:27)

Dudleya edulis - fingertips; millykumil (Kumeyaay)

Dudleya lanceolata - lanceleaf liveforever; millykumaay (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- leaf is eaten raw (Shipek 1991:89)

Dudleya pulverulenta - chalk liveforever, siempreviva; kwtLyinyaú (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- leaf is used to remove corn or callus; leaf is chewed; black seed is used in a ceremony (Hedges 1986:19; Spier 1923:320)

Echinocereus sp. - hedgehog cactus

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:298-299, 301)

Echinochloa crusgalli - water grass, barnyard grass; nyikašari, koarš (Cocopa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- seed is harvested in late summer, stripped, dried, pounded in a mortar, winnowed, parched, ground (Castetter and Bell 1951:187, 190; Gifford 1933:267)

Eleocharis sp. - spikesedge

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:299)

Eleocharis genicularis - Canada spikesedge

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:298, 301-302)

Encelia californica - California brittlebush; nahekwi ("it watches the sun") (Kumeyaay)

Ephedra sp. - Mormon tea, miner's tea, squaw tea, canutillo; xpiippiyltkwyaq (Kiliwa); cim'wai (Paipai); 'i:šíw (Cocopa); hpíip, hukpip, xakpip (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Paipai -- root is boiled in tea to treat kidney problem (Hohenthal 2001:329)
  • Cocopa -- stem and leaf are pounded in a mortar or boiled, applied to sore (Gifford 1933:268)
  • Kumeyaay -- used in tea for stomach ache; stem is boiled in water and used as a purge; root is crushed, boiled, and taken for venereal disease (Hinton 1975:216; Hohenthal 2001:277, 279, 329)
• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:592, 594)

Ephedra californica - desert tea, cañatilla; japép (Kiliwa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kiliwa -- seed is collected in June, eaten as pinole; leaf is made into tea for sexual ailment (Meigs 1939:9-10, 25)
  • Kumeyaay -- branch is dried, stored, brewed in a tea to treat cough, cold, kidney illness, purify blood, improve appetite, as a general tonic (Almstedt 1977:26, 28; Hedges 1986:19)

Equisetum laevigatum - horsetail

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- stem is brewed in a tea to tread high blood pressure (Hedges 1986:19)

Eragrostis mexicana - Mexican lovegrass; k^wšam, kšam, košom (Cocopa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- seed is used (Castetter and Bell 1951:187, 191)

Ericameria brachylepis - chaparral goldenbush; sa'máll páasme keów (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- entire plant is used in tea for a wound or as a drink for pasmo (chill) (Hinton 1975:219-220)

Eriochloa aristata - bearded cupgrass; kwakal (Cocopa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- seed is used (Castetter and Bell 1951:187, 191)

Eriodictyon sp. - yerba santa; smérjpíl, smiilxpiil, j-mílkupéy (Kiliwa); sa'máll llupnúup, pilšat (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- eaten to treat thick or slow blood; leaf is used in a cold infusion to treat persistent cough, in a cold compress to treat headache, in a hot compress to treat rheumatism (Hinton 1975:219; Hohenthal 2001:278)
• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Northern Sierras (Hinton 1975:219)

Eriodictyon californicum - California yerba santa

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- boiled, steam is breathed, used in a syrup to treat cough, cold (Almstedt 1977:26)

Eriodictyon trichocalyx - hairy yerba santa

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- leaf is dried, stored, boiled, and drunk to treat cold, cough; used in a steam to treat headache, cough, cold; used as a shampoo (Almstedt 1977:21, 26; Hedges 1986:21)

Eriogonum fasciculatum - flat-topped buckwheat; weljta (Kiliwa); hm'ílly, ham'i:l, hamill (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kiliwa -- roots are brewed in drink to treat ailments of sex organs (Meigs 1939:10)
  • Kumeyaay -- top is eaten; root is cooked and mashed, taken for child's colic; dried flower or dried root is used in a tea for heart trouble; flower and roots are boiled and drunk as tea to treat cold, stomach trouble, diarrhea (Almstedt 1977:26; Hedges 1986:21; Hinton 1975:219; Hohenthal 2001:278; Shipek 1991:90)

Eriophyllum confertiflorum - golden-yarrow; chanewan (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- whole plant is boiled, used as facewash for pimple (Shipek 1991:90)

Erythrina flabelliformis - coralbean, colorín, corcho

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- wood is used for raft (Barco 1973:69-70)

Euphorbia sp. - spurge, golondrina; mtxyaaw (Kiliwa); 'a:mu:sír (Cocopa); mat eyi:w ("earth's eyes") (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- leaf is boiled in water and drunk to treat sore throat, cramp, and upset stomach (Crawford 1989:388)
  • Kumeyaay -- used in a poultice and tea to treat snake and insect bite (Shipek 1991:48)
• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:299, 301)

Ferocactus sp. - barrel cactus, biznaga; j-mál, pnakwc'iy, xmal (Kiliwa); meltát (Paipai); mul^ycác (Cocopa); telku, xmaL (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- seed is dried, toasted, ground, eaten; bud is eaten (Aschmann 1966:84-85; Barco 1973:87)
  • Kiliwa -- bud is collected in early June, boiled in salt or fried, and eaten; seed is collected in July, eaten, used in offering for the dead (Meigs 1939:9, 25, 53)
  • Kumeyaay -- slice is boiled in salted water; pulp provides water; spine are used as a fish hook (Gifford 1931:26; Hohenthal 2001:138; Michelsen 1970b:42; Spier 1923:336)
• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:203, 276, 281-283, 299; Hyland 1997:150, 311-313)

Ferocactus cylindraceus - California barrel cactus, biznaga

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- seed is ground, eaten (Williams 1995:58)

Festuca sp. - fescue

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:299)

Ficus palmeri - wild fig, zalate, higuera; anabá (Cochimí)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- fruit is carried, eaten; leaf is eaten (Aschmann 1966:83; Baegert 1952:67; Barco 1973:66; Clavijero 1937:39)
• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:592-595)
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:283, 298-299, 301-302; Hyland 1997:314)

Fouquieria peninsularis - ocotillo

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:592-595)

Fouquieria splendens - ocotillo; hnyaay, jiñá-i (Kiliwa); i:í (Paipai); 'i:n^yáy (Cocopa)

Fragaria vesca - woodland strawberry

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- fruit is eaten; leaf is boiled as a tea to treat diarrhea (Hedges 1986:21)

Frankenia salina - alkali seaheath; chayaaw (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- whole plant is used in a tea for colic (Shipek 1991:90)

Galium angustifolium - narrowleaf bedstraw; hatpat (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- dried, stored; boiled as a tea for diarrhea (Shipek 1991:90)

Gossypium sp. - cotton, algodón

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:274)

Grindelia hirsutula - Hall's gumweed; kohipilip (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- leaf is dried, stored; leaf and stem are boiled and used as a blood tonic (Hedges 1986:23)

Gutierrezia sarothrae - broom snakeweed; churrupú (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- flower or root is used as a tea for diarrhea (Hinton 1975:220)

Haplopappus sp. - xatamu: (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- used in house construction (Shipek 1991:25)

Haplopappus venetus - llall'áay, michashi (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- stalk is used as a broom (Hinton 1975:220; Shipek 1991:91)

Hazardia squarrosa - sawtooth goldenbush

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- boiled to treat ache (Hinton 1975:220)

Helianthemum scoparium - Bisbee Peak rushrose

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- flower is boiled for tea to assist childbirth (Shipek 1991:91)

Helianthus annuus - sunflower, mirasol; n^ya supán^y (Cocopa); nya wíiw (Kumeyaay)

Heliotropium curassavicum - salt heliotrope; millykupish (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- root is boiled, used in a tea to treat menstruation (Shipek 1991:91)

Hemizonia fasciculata - clustered tarweed, penechaua; hatun, hatuun (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- root is pounded, cooked in water, and taken to treat venereal disease; used to treat piles and effects of childbirth; whole plant is boiled for steam to treat headache (Hohenthal 2001:278, 280; Shipek 1991:91)

Heteromeles arbutifolia - Christmas berry, toyon; huusík, huuchih (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- fruit is used as a food; bark and leaf are used to wash a wound (Hinton 1975:217; Shipek 1991:92)

Hoffmanseggia glauca - pignut; xcal^y; excheL, ^achek (Cocopa)

Hymenoclea monogyra - singlewhorl burrobush; oká (Kumeyaay)

Ipomoea sp. - morning-glory

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:299)

Jatropha sp.

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:298, 301)

Jatropha cinerea - Arizona nettlespurge; nombó (Monqui)

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:299)

Jatropha cuneata - limberbush, lomboy

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- branch is cut, heated, mashed, bundled, sewn to make a tray or bowl (Barco 1973:100-102)
• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:299)

Juncus sp. - juncus, rush; pesi:l, pesil, kwa'naay (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- root and stem are eaten; root is used in basketry (Barco 1973:105; Longinos 1961:36)
  • Cocopa -- used in granary basket (Castetter and Bell 1951:161; Kelly 1977:90)
  • Kumeyaay -- stem is cut, dried, split, soaked, stored, used for warp in basketry; used in twined basketry; used to make mourning effigies (Hedges 1986:9, 11-12; Hohenthal 2001:163, 165)
• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Davis 1967:59; Tyson 1973b:33)

Juncus acutus - spiny rush

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- used in basketry (Merrill 1923:221)

Juncus textilis - basket rush; kwa'naay, meskwáh (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- stem is dried, split, used in basketry and mourning ceremony images (Davis 1919:11, 26; Hedges 1986:23)

Juniperus sp. - juniper

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:71)

Juniperus californica - California juniper, cedro; 'saa (Kiliwa); ciok (Paipai); shá, i:ša (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kiliwa -- berry is collected in June, crushed, boiled (Meigs 1939:25)
  • Kumeyaay -- berry is eaten raw, used in a tea to treat hiccups; tea from leaf or bark for high blood pressure or hangover (Almstedt 1977:26; Hinton 1975:216; Hohenthal 2001:137)

Kallstroemia parviflora - warty caltrop

• Archaeological occurrence: Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:591-595)

Krameria erecta - littleleaf ratany, mesquitillo

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- used as an astringent in a lavage to treat diarrhea (Longinos 1961:25)

Lagenaria siceraria - bottle gourd, calabasilla; halma, halma' (Cocopa); halma:, halmá, helma, xamca: (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- planted, dried, used as canteen, ladle, food storage receptacle, dish, rattle, bullroarer (Castetter and Bell 1951:115-116; Gifford 1933:265, 267, 270, 284; Kelly 1977:30)
  • Kumeyaay -- top of a green gourd is cut off, salt and water are added, and it is drunk to treat venereal disease; used as a dish, for storage, as a rattle (Gifford 1931:21, 44; Hohenthal 2001:121,124, 280; Shipek 1991:31, 34; Spier 1923:349)

Larrea tridentata - creosote, gobernadora; nxil, pesíu, psiyu (Kiliwa); xpsi, tksi (Cocopa); 'epsii (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- used to induce abortion (Longinos 1961:24)
  • Kiliwa -- leaves are brewed in drink to treat slow blood (Meigs 1939:10)
  • Paipai -- used as firewood (Michelsen 1974:41)
  • Kumeyaay -- leaf and stem are boiled, used in a decoction to treat ache, sprain, athlete's foot (Almstedt 1977:29; Hedges 1986:23)
• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:592-595)
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:300)

Lepidium fremontii - desert pepperweed, pamita amarga; x'iirkwxaa (Kiliwa)

Lepidium nitidum - shining peppergrass

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- seed is used to treat indigestion (Hedges 1986:23)

Limonium californicum - California sealavender, lavanda del mar

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- leaf is boiled, dried, stored, eaten (Shipek 1991:92)

Linum sp. - flax; upcíL, opcíL (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- gray seed is used for food and in ceremony (Spier 1923:320, 336)

Lonicera sp. - honeysuckle

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- root is pounded, applied to a swelling; leaf is used in a tea to treat cough, cold; leaf is used to wash sore (Almstedt 1977:23, 26)

Lonicera subspicata - southern honeysuckle; mellkaa (Kumeyaay)

Lotus scoparius - common deerweed, casa de indio; hwáte, hí-wáht (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- root is used for soap; used to thatch house (Hinton 1975:218; Merriam 1966-1967:256)

Lupinus sp. - lupine

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay - seed is used in a tea to treat urinary problem (Almstedt 1977:27)

Lycium sp. - desert thorn, frutilla; p-sí-kuíl (Kiliwa); xcuc (Cocopa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kiliwa - seed is collected in winter, eaten as pinole (Meigs 1939:10)

Lycium fremontii - Fremont wolfberry; ax cet (Cocopa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- berry is washed, boiled, ground in a metate, mixed with water, drunk; berry is stored, pulverized (Castetter and Bell 1951:204-205)

Lycium richii - Baja desert thorn

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:592, 594)

Lysiloma candida - palo blanco; gokio, kokio, gkokio (Cochimí)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- seed is roasted, eaten; gum is eaten (Aschmann 1966:53; Barco 1973:65-66; Clavijero 1937:49)
• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:591-595, 1984:50)

Machaerocereus gummosus - pitahaya agria, cardón; tajuá (Cochimí); xmalkuul (Kiliwa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- fruit is harvested in August-December, spines are removed with a twig, fruit is peeled, kneeded, stored, eaten; seed is collected from human feces, ground, winnowed, toasted, eaten (Aschmann 1966:37, 86; Baegert 1952:36, 1982:132-133; Barco 1973:81-82, 180, 205; Clavijero 1937:33-35, 89)
• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:222)

Malosma laurina - laurel sumac, lentisco; joál, xuwaal (Kiliwa); k^wa:s, 'ektii (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kiliwa -- firewood (Meigs 1939:11)
  • Kumeyaay -- drunk as a tea, used in bathing at childbirth; used for venereal disease (Shipek 1991:44, 95)

Malvastrum sp. - desert mallow

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- root is used in a tea to prevent conception; used in girls' first menstruation ceremony (Almstedt 1977:29-30)

Mammillaria sp. - fishhook cactus

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:298, 300-301)

Mammillaria dioica - fishhook cactus, biznaga llavina; 'ehpaa (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- fruit is eaten (Hedges 1986:25)

Marah macrocarpus - Cucamonga manroot

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- seed is ground, used in face paint; leaf is boiled, used on hemorrhoids (Shipek 1991:93)

Matricaria discoidea - pineapple weed; manzanilla

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- flower is used in a tea to treat menstrual cramps; plant is boiled as a tea for postpartum mother; boiled and used in decoction as an enema for fever (Almstedt 1977:29; Hedges 1986:25)

Mencelia aspera

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- root is used as a purgative (Longinos 1961:25)

Merremia aurea - yuca, guacamote, morning glory; ujuí (Cochimí)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- root is dug, carried, roasted, eaten (Barco 1973:125-126, 203; Clavijero 1937:53; Venegas 1943(1):57)
  • Pericú -- root is eaten (Andrews 1979:42-43, 67)

Mimosa sp. - mimosa, tabardillo

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- used to treat fever (Longinos 1961:24)

Mimulus sp. - monkeyflower, yerba ninfa

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- root is used in a hot infusion to treat stomach disorders (Hohenthal 2001:277)

Mirabilis californica - California four o'clock; meshkatull (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- whole plant is used in tea for stomach ache (Shipek 1991:94)

Monardella lanceolata - mustang mint

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- tea is used as a beverage and medicine (Hedges 1986:25)

Muhlenbergia rigens - deergrass; kwayull (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- stem is scraped, used as foundation material in basket making (Hedges 1986:9, 11-12, 25; Hohenthal 2001:163)

Myrtillocactus vochal - candelabra cactus

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:300)

Nicotiana attenuata - coyote tobacco; ijíp milti, 'hipmlti' (Kiliwa); o'ube kesar, eúbe (Paipai); op (Cocopa); oyup'xutepa, op kamiyahi (Kumeyaay). Variety: mkwoxnoí (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- smoked (Barco 1973:187; Clavijero 1937:115; Venegas 1943(1):94)
  • Kiliwa -- smoked in reed tube, used to treat cough (Meigs 1939:10)
  • Paipai -- not cultivated; smoked; used in ceremony (Bendímez 1989:32, 37; Gifford and Lowie 1928:342)
  • Cocopa -- obtained in trade, smoked (Castetter and Bell 1951:119-123; Gifford 1933:269, 296, 305)
  • Kumeyaay -- planted; leaf and flower are crushed and smoked in reed tube; used in ceremony and by shaman (Gifford 1931:25, 61; Hohenthal 2001:117, 125, 254, 281; Spier 1923:315, 318, 348)

Nolina sp. - nolina; tma' (Kiliwa)

Nolina parryi - sotol

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- used for fire drill (Michelsen 1970b:42-43)

Olneya tesota - ironwood, palo fierro; 'i:wír, k^wn^ya, ha pal (Cocopa); pelpat, plpat (Kiliwa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kiliwa -- seed is collected in July, eaten as pinole (Meigs 1939:10)
  • Cocopa -- pod is gathered in October, seed is roasted in a ceramic tray, ground on a metate, made into mush; wood is used for weeding hoe, club (Castetter and Bell 1951:95, 187, 195; Gifford 1933:267; Kelly 1977:39, 131; Kniffen 1931:53)
• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Cape Region (Fujita 2008c:43)
  • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:591-595)
  • Northern Sierras (Fontaine and Prosser 1965:3-4)

Opuntia sp. - prickly pear, beaver tail, nopal, tuna; a (Cochimí); a'á, ''aa, ksriyu(Kiliwa); tát', xeté (Paipai); cac q^w'i:š, xpa: (Cocopa); xapa, 'kopL, melltat, c'té (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- fruit is harvested in August-October, cleaned by rubbing with plant or rolled to remove spines, cooked, eaten; mixed with agave (Barco 1973:88-89, 180; Burrus 1984:115; Clavijero 1937:38)
  • Kiliwa -- spines are removed by shaking fruit in a net; fruit is eaten raw in August; shoot is cooked in an earth oven, eaten (Meigs 1939:9, 38)
  • Paipai -- harvested in August; fruit is carried in a net, brushed with frayed yucca root to remove spines; seed and fruit are dried (Bendímez 1989:25, 48; Hohenthal 2001:325; Michelsen 1974:47; Smith 1971:38)
  • Kumeyaay -- blossom and seed are eaten; fruit is collected in June and July; rolled, brushed, or shaken in agave fiber carrying net to remove spines; cooked like a pumpkin when green; seed is ground; eaten fresh; young pad is fried or boiled; spine is used in tattooing (Hohenthal 2001:138, 178; Michelsen 1970b:42-44; Shipek 1991:27, 70, 94; Spier 1923:336, 342)
• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:298, 300-302)

Opuntia basilaris - beavertail; 'ehpaa (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- fruit is rubbed to remove thorns, dried, eaten (Hedges 1986:27)

Opuntia bigelovii - cholla, velas de coyote; kesigío, (kesi)guíu (Kiliwa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kiliwa -- seed is eaten as pinole (Meigs 1939:9, 76)

Opuntia californica - brownspined pricklypear; 'tiy (Kiliwa)

Opuntia cholla - cholla; tíjijil (Kiliwa); tat' kwi:š (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kiliwa -- seed is collected in July, eaten as pinole (Meigs 1939:10, 76)
  • Kumeyaay -- not eaten (Hohenthal 2001:138)

Opuntia engelmannii - prickly pear

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- fruit is rolled to remove spines, eaten (Castetter and Bell 1951:206-207)

Opuntia phaecantha - brownspined prickly pear; 'ehpaa (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- fruit is impaled on a stick, rubbed to remove thorns, seeds are removed, fruit is eaten (Hedges 1986:27)

Pachycereus sp. - cardón

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • (general Baja California -- fruit is harvested in July-August, eaten (Baegert 1982:133)

Pachycereus pringlei - giant cactus, cardón;, garambullo j-mál-kol, scuqu', xmalkuul (Kiliwa); malkol (Paipai)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- plant is climbed to harvest fruit; seed is dried, toasted, ground, stored, eaten; juice is squeezed, boiled, skimmed, thickened, used as a poultice on wounds; stem is cut, half roasted, applied to toothache; used as firewood (Aschmann 1966:49, 51, 88; Baegert 1952:32; Barco 1973:83; Clavijero 1937:36-37; Sales 1956:16)
  • Kiliwa -- fruit collected in June, knocked down with Agave stave; eaten raw (Meigs 1939:9, 25)
  • Paipai -- spines are rubbed off by hand; used to poison marine fish (Bendímez 1989:24; Hohenthal 2001:325)
• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:300-302)

Pachycereus schottii - senita cactus, garambullo; kanepove (Paipai); gakil, gkakil (Cochimí)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- fruit is eaten (Aschmann 1966:49, 85; Barco 1973:82; Clavijero 1937:36)
  • Paipai -- fruit is harvested with a long, hooked pole, spines are rubbed off by hand (Hohenthal 2001:325)
• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:298, 300-301)

Paeonia californica - California peony; peonía; kuwak espoke (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- leaf is boiled, leached, cooked, and eaten; bud is cooked and eaten; root is sliced, boiled, used in an infusion to treat stomach disorder, lung illness, kidney illness; tuber is cut in pieces, stored, used in a tea to treat indigestion, heartburn (Almstedt 1977:24, 27; Hedges 1986:28; Hohenthal 2001:278)

Panicum sp. - panic grass; k^wšam, kšam, kšem, šmca:, šimca (Cocopa); cf. Eragrostis mexicana.)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- cultivated for seed as food; seed is parched, winnowed, ground (Castetter and Bell 1951:187, 190-191; Kelly 1977:37-38)
• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Bahía Concepción area area (Ritter 1979:592, 594)
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:298, 300-303, 305)

Panicum hirticaule - Mexican panic grass; šimca (Cocopa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- semicultivated for seed (Castetter and Bell 1951:167, 169-170)

Panicum sonorum - Sonora panic grass

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- semicultivated for seed (Castetter and Bell 1951:167, 170)

Parkinsonia sp. - palo verde; tsaaw (Kiliwa); susá (Cocopa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- seed is collected, roasted in a ceramic tray, ground on a metate, made into a mush (Gifford 1933:267; Kelly 1977:39; Kniffen 1931:53)
• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:299, 301-302)

Parkinsonia floridum - blue paloverde

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- seed is roasted, ground, used in mush (Castetter and Bell 1951:196)

Parkinsonia microphylla - yellow paloverde; dipúa (Monqui); medesá (Cochimí); sosa (Cocopa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- fruit is harvested in July, cleaned, toasted, stored, eaten; pod is shelled, seed is toasted, cracked, ground, stored, eaten (Aschmann 1966:52-53, 82; Barco 1973:67-68; Clavijero 1937:39)
  • Cocopa -- seed is roasted, ground, used in mush (Castetter and Bell 1951:187, 196)
• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:591, 593)
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:220, 222, 299; Hyland 1997:171-173)

Pellaea andromedifolia - coffee cliffbrake

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- used in a tea to treat menstrual cramp (Almstedt 1977:29)

Pellaea mucronata - birdsfoot cliffbrake; awii tepesháw (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- rhyzone is crushed, boiled, used in a tea to treat hemorrhage; scattered as a charm (Hedges 1986:28; Hinton 1975:215)

Penstemon centranthifolius - scarlet bugler; henpashóka alíiki (Kumeyaay)

Perdicium sp. - raiz barbuda

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- used to treat toothache and wound (Longinos 1961:25)

Peucephyllum sp. - pygmy cedar; kupesimilkáup (Kiliwa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kiliwa -- leaf is used in washing to relieve swellings and sore feet (Meigs 1939:10)

Phaseolus sp. - bean

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:300)

Phaseolus acutifolius - tepary bean; marík (Paipai); merik, mri:k, amaLix (Cocopa); ni:l, ne:l, marik (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- sown, weeded, harvested, stored in an elevated willow basketry granary, beaten, winnowed; pounded in a mortar, boiled, parched, ground on a metate (Castetter and Bell 1951:106-108; Gifford 1933:264; Kelly 1977:29; Kniffen 1931:52, 54)
  • Kumeyaay -- cultivated (Gifford 1931:21-22, 40-41, 60, 80; Hohenthal 2001:121)

Phoradendron sp. - mistletoe; xl^yuš (Cocopa); jélajísú, xl'hisu (Kiliwa); toje, htLúc (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- dried, pounded in a mortar, boiled with clay, and plastered on hair to kill lice and to blacken (Gifford 1933:279)
  • Kumeyaay -- mashed, mixed with mud, applied to hair to kill vermin and prevent hair loss (Hohenthal 2001:279; Spier 1923:341)

Phoradendron tomentosum - bigleaf mistletoe

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- cooked, used to treat dandruff (Hedges 1986:28)

Phragmites australis - common reed

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- used in woman's clothing (Aschmann 1966:60, 94)
  • Cocopa -- tubes are used to smoke tobacco (Castetter and Bell 1951:122)
• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:278-282, 300; Hyland 1997:312-313)

Physalis sp. - groundcherry

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:298, 300-301)

Physalis philadelphica - Mexican groundcherry, tomatillo

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- juice from berry is used as an eye wash (Hedges 1986:28)

Pinus sp. - piñon pine; 'xaal (Kiliwa); kehó, hawál (Paipai); 'i:x^wí: (Cocopa); xwuiu, hellykaay (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- nut is eaten; log is used for boat (Aschmann 1966:38; Longinos 1961:36)
  • Kiliwa -- nut is collected in August and September; tree is climbed, cone is thrown down, heated in fire to extract nut, ground on a metate, eaten as pinole, used as offering for the dead (Hohenthal 2001:332; Meigs 1939:26, 53)
  • Paipai -- nut is roasted (Smith 1971:36)
  • Cocopa -- piñon nut is harvested in September; nut shell is cracked in a mortar, made into a cake; paste is boiled (Kelly 1977:24, 40; Kniffen 1931:53)
  • Kumeyaay -- nut is gathered in the fall, ground on a metate (including hulls) or cracked between teeth, eaten; gum is used in fletching an arrow; used for shaman's wand; bark is used for shelter (Davis 1919:10; Hedges 1986:9, 29-30; Hohenthal 2001:136, 175-176; Meigs 1972:37; Michelsen 1970b:42; Shipek 1991:28, 30, 57, 71, 76; Spier 1923:323)

Pinus coulteri - Coulter pine; haaésh (Kumeyaay)

Pinus jeffreyi - Jeffrey pine, pino ponderosa; haaésh hwát (Kumeyaay)

Pinus monophylla - singleleaf piñon; ehwi (Cocopa); 'xiw (Kiliwa); hwíiw (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- seed is used (Castetter and Bell 1951:188, 197-198)
  • Kumeyaay -- seed is used for food; gum is used in paint (Hinton 1975:215; Spier 1923:352)

Pinus muricata - bishop pine

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Isla Cedros (Banks 1978:15)

Pinus ponderosa - western yellow pine, pino ponderosa; ajál (Kiliwa); ha'ail (Kumeyaay)

Pinus quadrifolia - Parry piñon; (el)kwéy(u) (Kiliwa); hwíiw kháw, xwiyu (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kiliwa - nut is collected in August and September, eaten as food (Meigs 1939:9)
  • Paipai -- nut is gathered in August, carried, roasted, winnowed, stored (Michelsen and Michelsen 1979:27-31)
  • Kumeyaay -- seed is used for food (Almstedt 1968:10; Hinton 1975:215-216)

Pinus torreyana - Torrey pine; 'ehwiiw (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- cone is roasted to extract nut in September; eaten raw, roasted, ground and cooked as pinole or flavoring (Shipek 1991:94)

Pithecellobium sp.

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:300)

Plagiobothrys arizonicus - Arizona popcornflower

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- leaf and stem are used for red pigment (Hedges 1986:30)

Platanus racemosa - California sycamore, aliso; jo-ákjan, x'wa'qhaan (Kiliwa); hperch'á, hameche'á, pe'che'á, 'ehpuull (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- bark is used in a tea as a blood tonic or to treat asthma; house poles (Hedges 1986:30; Hinton 1975:217; Michelsen 1968:1)

Pluchea sericea - arrowweed; tumu (Kiliwa); temuh (Paipai); c'a:m, hetcaam (Cocopa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- used to make storage basket; bundle is used to make house wall; used in ramada roof; used to cover screwbean curing pit; scarecrow; shuttle in net-making; stick for peon game; scratching stick; firewood for pottery, torch, mosquito smudge, singeing hair, funeral pyre, mourning fire; hearth and tinder for fire drill; gum is used as an adhesive; used with clay to treat hair; bark juice is used in paint (Castetter and Bell 1951:116, 185; Gifford 1933:263, 268, 270-274, 280, 290, 294-296, 298, 301; Kelly 1977:47-48, 50-51, 68-69, 89-90, 92, 96; Kniffen 1931:52)
  • Kumeyaay -- stick is worn in the nose; used for structure walls; used to cover earth oven; stick is used to hold fishing seine net; stabbing pike, arrow shaft; wood is used for fire drill and hearth; used in basketry granary; gum is used to attach feather to arrow, attach handle to rattle; used in soaking mesquite and willow bark; used in bird cage; used as scratching stick; stick is used as game counter, peon piece (Gifford 1931:19-21, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 37, 40, 42, 44-46, 48-49, 53, 58-59)

Plumbago sp. - leadwort

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- used to treat insect stings (Longinos 1961:24)

Polypodium californicum - California polypody; 'awi hatat ("rattlesnake's back") (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- root and leaf are boiled to treat internal bleeding (Shipek 1991:94)

Populus fremontii - cottonwood, álamo; miltá-(yi), mltay, miltaiyi (Kiliwa); ûxû' (Paipai); x'a, ûxû' (Cocopa); h'á, ha:a, axa, halampuulaamp (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- bark is used for woman's skirt; trunk is used as mortar; timber for house structure; boat paddle; rafts of roots; firewood for ceramics (Álvarez 1995:58-62; Castetter and Bell 1951:184; Gifford 1933:270-272, 274)
  • Kumeyaay -- leaf or boiled tea is applied to a bruise, wound, or sting; charcoal is applied to tattoo; wood for war club; burned to cut and hollow as a mortar; poor firewood; post and roof timber for house, granary (Gifford 1931:19, 23-24, 27, 40; Hedges 1986:30; Hinton 1975:216; Hohenthal 2001:155, 181, 195; Meigs 1971:13; Michelsen 1968:1; Spier 1923:342)
• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Northern Sierras (Fontaine and Prosser 1965:3-4)

Populus tremuloides - quaking aspen, alamillo; x'wa'caa (Kiliwa)

Proboscidea parviflora - devil's claw; 'i:cúc (Cocopa)

Prosopis sp. - mesquite

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- wood is used for ceremonial tablets (Venegas 1943(1):95)
• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1974b:30, 1984:52)
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:300-302)

Prosopis glandulosa - honey mesquite; ajá, 'haa, aha^a (Kiliwa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kiliwa -- seed is harvested in August, eaten as pinole; bark is brewed for tea; firewood (Meigs 1939:9, 11)
  • Kumeyaay -- bean is pounded in a mortar or ground on a metate, made into a cake, eaten (Hedges 1986:32)

Prosopis juliflora - mesquite; huaha (Cochimí); enal (Paipai; kwayúl^y, 'an^yá:l^y, anyal (Cocopa); a'náally, a:nal, a'noL, a'náL, axpáL, anaxi (Kumeyaay))

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- seed is eaten (Aschmann 1968:46; Barco 1973:65; Clavijero 1937:48)
  • Cocopa -- harvested in June-September from ground or with a hook; pod is dried and stored in basket granary; pod is pounded in a mortar, shaken, soaked, chewed for juice, and spat out; candy is made from bean by grinding, adding water for a paste, and drying in the sun; bud and pulp of pod are eaten; flower is mashed or sucked; mixed with water as a beverage, eaten as meal, or formed into cake; pod is added to cooking squash for flavor; sap is used to blacken hair and treat it for lice, as paint, and as medicine; bark is used in paint; branch and root are used in manufactured products; root and bark are used in basketry; wood is used for mortar, pestle; stick is used for agricultural planting and weeding; wood is used for club; handle for adze or knife; bark used in lashing; pole for funeral pyre; stake is used in processing deer hide; thorn is used in tatooing, piercing nose; root is used as kicking ball; fuel for firing pottery; bark is used for lashing (Castetter and Bell 1951:94-95, 179-186, 194; Gifford 1933:267, 270, 272-275, 277, 279, 282, 291, 294; Kelly 1977:24-26, 32-34, 42, 48, 50, 53, 58, 131; Kniffen 1931:53)
  • Kumeyaay -- tree is shaken, pod is gathered from the ground in July; pod is sun-dried and chewed, or pounded in a stone or wooden mortar, mixed with water, and drunk; stored in a basketry granary; pulp is chewed, sucked, and then spat out; leaf in tea as eyewash, drink for fever; root is dug with a stick, peeled, used in cradle frame, hood, lashing; inner bark fiber is soaked for a month, spun on thigh, used in girdle, as string; gum is used as a dye, as a shampoo to darken and grow hair; bark is boiled as a black pigment; charcoal is applied to tattoo; wood is felled and sharpened by fire; used for bow stave, club, stabbing pike, beaver stick, shovel, weeding tool, pestle, ball; good firewood (Gifford 1931:20, 22-23, 26-28, 30, 32-34, 36, 39-43, 45, 48-49; Hinton 1975:218; Hohenthal 2001:136, 155; Shipek 1991:57-58; Spier 1923:319, 342, 350, 354)
• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:591-595)

Prosopis pubescens - screwbean, tornillo; m'alhnya'kwckway, êhec (Kiliwa); êis (Paipai); 'i:š, yiis, iš (Cocopa); i:š, is, iyix (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- harvested in August-September; pod is stored in a granary, ripened in a covered pit, dried; pulp is ground in a mortar and shaken in a basket, soaked, chewed, and spat out; wood is used for planting stick, spearpoint, club, fishing spear; stick is used to pierce nose (Castetter and Bell 1951:94, 179-186, 220; Gifford 1933:267-268, 274, 291; Kelly 1977:24, 33-34, 42)
  • Kumeyaay -- tree is shaken, pod is gathered from the ground in July; wood is felled and sharpened by fire; used for bow stave, club, rabbit stick, beaver stick; needle for nose piercing; firewood (Gifford 1931:20, 23, 26-28, 30, 43, 54; Hohenthal 2001:136; Spier 1923:350)

Prunus sp. - chokecherry

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:300)

Prunus emarginata - bitter cherry; itut (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- leaf is used in a tea to treat bruise, scar, swelling, sprain, rash (Almstedt 1968:10, 1977:20, 29)

Prunus ilicifolia - hollyleaf cherry, islaya; 'qhay (Kiliwa); xakái (Paipai); hkáy, hakai, tút, 'etut (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Paipai -- harvested in September (Bendímez 1989:25; Hohenthal 2001:325)
  • Kumeyaay -- fruit is gathered, sun-dried, eaten; pulp and skin are eaten; kernel is cracked with a hammerstone or mano, meat is extracted, ground on a metate or pounded in a mortar, winnowed, sifted, leached in a basket before or after grinding, boiled into a mush or roasted; fruit is made into a syrup to treat cough or stomach ache; used for bow stave (Hedges 1986:32; Hinton 1975:217-218; Hohenthal 2001:139-140, 155-156, 176, 277, 325; Shipek 1991:25, 30; Spier 1923:350)

Prunus virginiana - chokecherry; axkay (Kumeyaay)

Pseudognaphalium bicolor - twocolor cudweed; kumil (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- boiled, used as a poultice on sore (Shipek 1991:91)

Quercus sp. - oak, encino; a'ál, ''aal (Kiliwa); sn^ya:, sn^ya: (Cocopa). Red oak; snau, isnyau (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- acorn is eaten (Longinos 1961:36)
  • Kiliwa -- acorn is harvested in the fall, mashed into a pulp, leached on sand or a mat of twigs or weeds, cooked in a pot, eaten as mush; branch is used as a throwing stick (Meigs 1939:9, 11, 26-29)
  • Paipai -- acorn is harvested in November-December (Bendímez 1989:48).
  • Cocopa -- acorn is harvested (Kniffen 1931:53)
  • Kumeyaay -- acorn is gathered from the ground in the fall, transported, cached in a basket, dried for several weeks to as long as three months, hull is cracked between two cobbles, cached in a pot, pounded in a stone mortar, winnowed in a basket, pounded again, winnowed again, leached in basket tray, boiled in salt water; gall is used to treat sore; wood for throwing stick, ceremonial wand; good firewood, bark is used as fuel for firing ceramics; grove is owned (Almstedt 1977:22; Davis 1919:10; Gifford 1931:23, 39; Hedges 1986:5-9, 34; Hohenthal 2001:134-135, 155, 172, 174-176; Meigs 1972:36; Michelsen 1970b:42; Shipek 1991:27, 30-31, 51, 71, 76; Spier 1923:307, 324, 334-335, 337)
• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:300, 302)

Quercus agrifolia - coast live oak, encino; 'esnyaaw, isnyaaw (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- acorn is eaten; bark is used to treat toothache; fuelwood is used for firing pottery (Almstedt 1968:10, 1977:21; Hedges 1986:5, 33, 47; Wilken 2008a:79)

Quercus alba - white oak; kw'il, kw'ilmsi' (Kiliwa)

Quercus crysolepis - canyon live oak, encino roble; semtaay, samtay (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- acorn is eaten; acorn cup is used to make black dye for basketry (Almstedt 1968:10; Hedges 1986:5, 9, 33-34)

Quercus dumosa - coastal sage scrub oak, encinillo; ukwáp, 'khwap, smiilkhwap, kwmuumtay (Kiliwa); hwáp, kwa:p, xwap, xwp, xwp, 'ehwap, iswup (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kiliwa -- wood is used for arrow tip (Meigs 1939:12)
  • Paipai -- wood is used for throwing stick, chisel, digging stick, firewood (Koerper et al. 1998:72-73; Michelsen 1974:40-41; Smith 1971:38)
  • Kumeyaay -- acorn is made into a mush, eaten; insect gall is crushed, dried, boiled, and applied to sore or ulcer or used as eye wash; wood is used for throwing stick; used for basket granary, cradle (Almstedt 1968:10; Hedges 1986:5, 33-34; Hinton 1975:216; Hohenthal 2001:134, 277; Spier 1923:334)

Quercus engelmannii - Engelmann oak; neshaaw (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- acorn is eaten; gum is pounded, washed, boiled, used as chewing gum (Hedges 1986:5, 33-34)

Quercus kellogii - California black oak; kupar, ku'phaRL, kuphaall, kopal (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- acorn is made into mush (Almstedt 1968:10; Hedges 1986:5, 33; Hohenthal 2000:134; Spier 1923:334)

Quercus peninsularis - oak; hw'ílly, kwi'i:l (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- pounded, sun-dried, ground, and leached; eaten (Hinton 1975:216; Hohenthal 2001:134)

Quercus turbinella - scrub oak; senya (Cocopa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- acorn is used (Castetter and Bell 1951:187, 197)

Ramona sp. - pesiltay (Kiliwa)

Ramona polystachya - bil^c-tí-e (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- used to season roasted seed (Merriam 1966-1967:256)

Rhamnus sp. - buckthorn, ilayo; kay, 'qhaay (Kiliwa); nkxai (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kiliwa -- fruit and seed are collected in August, crushed, and eaten as pinole or in mush (Meigs 1939:9, 25)
  • Kumeyaay -- green leafy twig is used in granary basket (Spier 1923:347)
• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:300-302)

Rhamnus californica - California buckthorn, yerba de oso; inyekhaay (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- bark is stored, boiled, used in a decoction as a physic or to treat poison oak (Hedges 1986:37)

Rhamnus crocea - redberry buckthorn; tat (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- fed to pet mockingbird (Shipek 1991:95)

Rhus sp. - sumac

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:300, 302)

Rhus integrifolia - lemonadeberry; huusill, huutat (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- berry is eaten fresh or soaked to flavor water; seed is ground and used with fruit in a tea, drunk to treat illness; leaf is used to manage thirst; bark is used in tea after childbirth (Hedges 1986:37; Shipek 1991:95)

Rhus ovata - sugarbush; hwáll (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- leaf used in a tea for childbirth (Hinton 1975:218)

Rhus trilobata - skunkbush sumac; pilca, pellychaa (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- leaf is used in a tea as eye wash; stem is split, dried, soaked, used in basket as foundation and weft in outer layers; bark is stripped, soaked, stained, stored, used in basketry (Davis 1967:57; Hedges 1986:9, 11-12, 37; Hohenthal 2001:163)

Romneya coulteri - Coulter's matilija poppy; miltí-áu ("coyote-tooth") (Kiliwa)

Rorippa sp. - yellowcress

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- green is eaten (Castetter and Bell 1951:201-202)

Rosa sp. - wildrose; kstuut, kwstuut, kwa'ak (Kiliwa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- fruit and seed are used as food; petal and leaf are boiled and used to bathe eye (Shipek 1991:70)

Rosa californica - California wildrose

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- petal is used in a tea to treat fever (Hedges 1986:39)

Rosa minutifolia - Baja rose; kesetót (Kiliwa)

Rubus ursinus - California blackberry

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- fruit is dried, cooked, eaten; root is boiled to treat diarrhea (Hedges 1986:39)

Sagittaria sp. - arrowhead, wild onion; xcal^y, cel (Cocopa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- dug with a stick, baked, mashed, eaten as a famine food (Kelly 1977:38)

Sagittaria latifolia - broadleaf arrowhead; cel (Cocopa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- tuber is dug with a stick, baked, mashed, eaten (Castetter and Bell 1951:207-208)

Sairocarpus nuttallianus - violet snapdragon; pullaay (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- flower is boiled, oil is added, drunk as tea for cold (Shipek 1991:85)

Salicornia virginica - Virginia glasswort; semull (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- chewed for salt (Shipek 1991:96)

Salix sp. - willow, sauce; ejá(u), ''yaay, ''yaawsiiw, ''yaawkwxaa, ⁱyau (Kiliwa); enyoh (Paipai); 'ayá:, aya (Cocopa); ahiyao, iyaú, 'aiyau, halsí (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- root is used for bow (Baegert 1952:64)
  • Kiliwa -- wood is used for bow; pole framework for house, branch for ramada roof (Meigs 1939:11, 30, 34; Michelsen 1977a:22)
  • Cocopa -- bark is used for skirt; bark is used in head ring for carrying; covering for house entrance; used for carrying or storage basket; used for working, drying, and eating surfaces; used for basketry fish trap; fire drill; paddle for ceramics; fiber for brush, cordage; bark is used for breechclout and skirt; branch is made into bow; scratching stick; wood is used for planting stick; split for gaming die; stick is put under fire and then lashed to form shinny stick; bark is used for shinny ball; used for pole and hoop game; post, rafter, and pole for structure; stick for wall; boat paddle; root is used in raft; bark is used as string; leaf is put in a pond to force fish to rise; firewood for ceramics; stick is used to singe hair; bark is used to wrap deer brains; used in granary basket (Álvarez 1995:58; Castetter and Bell 1951:94, 161; Gifford 1933:264, 266, 268, 270-273, 275-276, 280-282, 284, 290, 301; Kelly 1977:47-48, 50, 52, 55-56, 69, 90; Kniffen 1931:52, 54)
  • Kumeyaay -- juice is drunk at ceremonies; inner bark fiber is procured in summer, a fire is set around the base of the tree, bark is stripped off, soaked for a month, combed, tied, spun on thigh, woven on a frame; used for breechclout, woman's skirt, head ring, string to tie hair, blanket, cradle bedding and covering, string, lashing, shinny ball; bark is used in a tea to bathe newborn baby; ground charcoal is applied to tattoo; used for blanket; stem is used for basketry fish scoop; bow stave; pole for house framework, wind screen, granary, mourning ramada; branches for thatching; withe is used to carry fish; stick or paddle for stirring, handle for rattle; bird cage; stick is used as die; child's toy top; shredded bark is used as tinder; poor firewood (Almstedt 1968:3; Bravo 2008:186-187; Davis 1919:13; Gifford 1931:20-21, 25-28, 30, 32-34, 36-37, 39-40, 42, 44-47, 49, 52-53; Hohenthal 2001:117, 155, 176, 181, 186, 195, 218, 268-269; Merriam 1966-1967:256; Shipek 1991:25, 44, 46; Spier 1923:342, 347, 350; Smith 1971:38; Wilken 2008a:80)

Salix lasiolepis - arroyo willow; halasii (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- branch is used to form acorn granary (Hedges 1986:11, 39)

Salvia sp. - sage; ucasan, pasinor (general Baja California)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- seed is used in pinole (Longinos 1961:36)
  • Kumeyaay -- dried bark is used as tinder (Spier 1923:342)

Salvia apiana - white sage, yerba salvia; lltáay, piltai, pestaay, pellytaay (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- seed is toasted, ground, used in pinole, eaten; stalk is eaten; leaf and branch are dried, crumbled, stored, boiled used in a tea for cough, chest cold, blood tonic, poison oak; root or leaf is boiled, taken for catarrh; used in a tea on hair to treat dandruff, graying; leaf is burnt to fumigate house, smoked to treat cold; twig is hung in apron (Almstedt 1977:26, 28; Hedges 1986:39-41; Hinton 1975:219; Hohenthal 2001:278; Shipek 1991:96; Spier 1923:335, 340; Wilken 2008a:80)

Salvia carduacea - thistle sage; mulh'amulh (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- seed is eaten (Hedges 1986:41)

Salvia clevelandii - fragrant sage, salvareal

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- used as tobacco (Spier 1923:348)

Salvia columbariae - chia; psil (Kiliwa); awol, mulh'amulh, upsil (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- seed-bearing stem is gathered and stored; seed is boiled into mush for food (Almstedt 1968:10; Hedges 1986:41; Hohenthal 2001:117, 125, 138; Michelsen 1970b:42)

Salvia mellifera - black sage; ha'anya yul (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- leaf and stem are bried, boiled, used in bathing for flu, rheumatism, arthritis (Shipek 1991:96)

Sambucus nigra - blue elderberry, sauco; pal, p'al (Kiliwa); xsa:wk (Cocopa); hapal, hapa:l, kapexi:l, kapei:l, epal, kupall, k'pul (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kiliwa -- flower is brewed in drink to treat catarrh (Meigs 1939:10)
  • Kumeyaay -- berry is dried, boiled, eaten; flower is boiled and rubbed over aching joint or limb; blossom is dried, stored, brewed in a tea to treat fever, croup, to bathe newborn baby; used in a tea to treat breast ailment; used as a cigarette tube; fed to pet mockingbird; bark is used for woman's skirt; used as war club (Almstedt 1968:10. 1977:26-27, 29; Hedges 1986:41; Hohenthal 2001:67, 133-134, 242, 274, 276-277; Merriam 1966-1967:256; Shipek 1991:44; Spier 1923:315)

Sanicula arguta - sharptooth blacksnakeroot; chap (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- root is boiled, eaten; leaf is boiled as tea for cramp (Shipek 1991:97)

Sarcocornia pacifica - Pacific swampfire; semull (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- chewed for salt (Shipek 1991:96)

Scirpus sp. - bulrush, tule; esók, 'suq, 'xwiiy, esôk (Kiliwa); komumkh (round), cipil (square), ⁱpil (Paipai); henyex, echpiL (Cocopa); kkomum (round), tipi:l (square), tupish (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kiliwa -- thatching for house (Meigs 1939:11, 31)
  • Cocopa -- pith of stems is eaten; root is boiled; pollen is sun-dried, winnowed, boiled, cooked in porridge, and stored; thatching on house; used in raft; pollen is used in a yellow paint (Gifford 1933:267-268, 271-272, 277; Kelly 1977:53, 58)
  • Kumeyaay -- bulb is roasted on coals, pealed, and eaten; pollen is eaten; bundle are tied to make balsas; cf. Typha sp. (Gifford 1931:23, 43; Hohenthal 2001:92, 139, 180)

Scrophularia californica - California figwort; anpúuy (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- root or whole plant is used in a tea for fever (Almstedt 1977:27; Hinton 1975:219)

Sebastiania bilocularis - arrow poison plant

• Archaeological occurrence: Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:591-595)

Selaginella arizonica sp. - Arizona clubmoss

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:300)

Sesbania herbacea - hemp sesbania; ka:š (Cocopa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- used for fishing net (Castetter and Bell 1951:221)

Setaria sp. - bristlegrass

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:298, 300-303, 305)

Simmondsia chinensis - jojoba; j-sí, xsi' (Kiliwa); kušu (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- seed is used to treat stomach disorder, childbirth, facial sore, chill; or not used (Aschmann 1966:53; Barco 1973:98)
  • Kiliwa -- seed is eaten as pinole (Meigs 1939:9)
  • Cocopa -- seed is cleaned, winnowed, pounted in a mortar, boiled, eaten (Castetter and Bell 1951:198)
  • Kumeyaay -- bean is roasted and the oil is rubbed on sore (Hohenthal 2001:278)
• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:592-595)

Sisyrinchium bellum - western blue-eyed grass; michkal (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- whole plant is boiled, used as tea for cramp (Shipek 1991:97)

Solanum hindsianum sp. - Hinds' nightshade

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:300)

Solanum xanti - chaparral nightshade; 'ewii wyiiw ("snake eyes") (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- whole plant is dried, ground, used to treat athlete's foot (Shipek 1991:97)

Solidago californica - California goldenrod

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- leaf and stem are boiled, used in a shampoo to prevent hair loss (Hedges 1986:43)

Spartina sp. - cordgrass; junái, kwnaayu (Kiliwa)

Spartina foliosa - California cordgrass; tapish (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- root is boiled, used to treat infant's constipation or difficulty in urination; bundle is used in house wall (Shipek 1991:97)

Stenocereus thurberi - organ pipe cactus, pitahaya dulce; tammia, dammia (Cochimí); ambia (Guaycura); nijíl (Kiliwa); a:á (Paipai)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- fruit is harvested in June-August with a hooked pole, spines are removed with a stick, fruit is carried, eaten; seed is collected from human feces, dried, winnowed, toasted, ground, eaten (Aschmann 1966:47, 63, 85, 88; Baegert 1952:23, 35, 1982:133, 144; Barco 1973:77-80, 180, 205; Burrus 1984:79, 84, 86, 115. 152; Clavijero 1937:33-35, 94; Sales 1956:15; Venegas 1943(1):55)
  • Kiliwa -- fruit is eaten raw (Meigs 1939:9)
  • Paipai -- stem is crushed, and milky juice is used to stupefy fish (Hohenthal 2001:138, 149, 234, 281)
• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1984:53)
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:222, 298, 300-302)

Stephanomeria virgata - rod wirelettuce; telkuu (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- root is stored, boiled, drunk in liquid to treat intestinal worms (Shipek 1991:97)

Suaeda moquinii - alkali seepweed

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- used for soap (Shipek 1991:33, 98)

Suaeda suffrutescens - desert seepweed

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- used to dye basketry material black (Merrill 1923:221)

Tagetes sp. - marigold

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- used as a stomach stimulant (Longinos 1961:24)

Toxicodendron diversilobum - poison oak; sémelpákumák, semel-pak-kuhmak ("branch that eats"), smiilkwphuuy (Kiliwa); kuupaay, hupai (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- root is washed, boiled, used as an eye wash (Hedges 1986:43; Hohenthal 2001:278)

Trianthema portulacastrum - desert horse-purslane, verdolaga

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- seed is eaten (Aschmann 1966:90; Barco 1973:105)

Tribulus terrestris - puncture vine; xtpa n^yxman^yáw (Cocopa)

Trichostema sp. - bluecurls, romero; 'qha (Kiliwa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- used in a tea to treat cold (Almstedt 1977:26)

Trichostema parishii - Parish's bluecurls, xa'a:nayul (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- drunk to prevent pregnancy; used in bathing at childbirth (Shipek 1991:44-45)

Trifolium sp. - clover

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- cooked, eaten (Hedges 1986:43)

Typha sp. - cattail, tule; xn^yal^y, cipil (Cocopa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- emergency food; root is dug up with a pole, sun-dried, stored, pounded in a mortar, ground on a metate, boiled in water for a mush or with fish, eaten; green sprout is eaten; pollen is tapped from pollen head into a pit, sifted, stored, boiled, baked, used for flavoring; used for thatching; used to make raft; cf. Scirpus sp. (Castetter and Bell 1951:207, 209-210, 222; Kelly 1977:26, 36, 39, 53; Kniffen 1931:52, 54; Lumholtz 1912:370)

Urtica dioica - stinging nettle; hampasis (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- boiled for greens; bathed in liquid to treat poison oak and other skin diseases; used by whipping to treat rheumatism, arthritis, and in ceremony (Hedges 1986:43; Shipek 1991:98)

Vachellia farnesiana sp. - sweet acacia

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:299)

Viola pedunculata - pansy, Johnny-jump-up

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- leaf is boiled, eaten (Hedges 1986:43)

Vitis girdiana - desert wild grape

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- fruit is dried, cooked, eaten; sap is used to treat hair (Hedges 1986:43)

Washingtonia sp. - fan palm; ''muyu (Kiliwa); ñiao cuo cu (Paipai); mu:y (Cocopa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Paipai -- fruit is ground, dried, eaten (Bendímez 1989:25, 47)
  • Cocopa -- date is harvested in August-September with a long pole; juice is squeezed, added to water, drunk; date is dried, eaten; base of leaf is eaten; seed is ground, eaten; seed is used in gourd rattle; leaf is used for woman's hat (Castetter and Bell 1951:197, 204-206; Gifford 1933:268; Kelly 1977:24, 40, 56)

Xanthium strumarium - cocklebur; kmn^ya (Cocopa)

Xylococcus bicolor - mission manzanita; haasill (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- berry is soaked, drunk; cf. Arctostaphylos sp. (Shipek 1991:98)

Yucca sp. - yucca, dátil, datilillo, sótol; a:a, sa:, sa:a, ša:a (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- root is roasted, eaten (Baegert 1952:66, 179)
  • Kiliwa -- fruit is collected using a hooked stick in July and August, eaten; leaf is used for lashing in construction; trunk is used for a kicking ball; leaf is used as a bullroarer (Meigs 1939:25, 31-32, 42, 45; Michelsen 1977a:22)
  • Paipai -- stalk is dried, used as fuel in firing pottery; frayed root is used to brush spines off Opuntia fruit (Hohenthal 2001:325; Smith 1972:9)
  • Kumeyaay -- stalk is cut, roasted in earth oven, pulp is sucked and spat out; fruit and flower are boiled and eaten; root is ground, used as a soap; fiber is used for sandal; frayed root is used as cleaning brush; used for lashing in house construction; stalks are used in construction of mourning ceremony house; used as foundation and for design elements in basketry (Davis 1919:9; Gifford 1931:38; Hedges 1986:11-12; Hohenthal 2001:138-139, 164, 168, 172, 176, 181, 219; Michelsen 1970b:1; Shipek 1991:25, 31, 33)
• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:274, 298, 300-302; Hyland 1997:310)

Yucca baccata - datil yucca, dátil; (a)má, 'ma' (Kiliwa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kiliwa -- fruit is collected in late July and August, stewed, eaten; leaf is used for lashing in house construction (Meigs 1939:9, 11)
  • Paipai -- harvested in September (Bendímez 1989:25)

Yucca schidigera - Mohave yucca, Spanish dagger, isote de Ensenada; sha'a, sháh-áh (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kiliwa -- used as food, construction material, clothing, soap, in ceremonies, and in crafts (Estrada and Castellón 2008)
  • Kumeyaay -- petal is boiled, eaten; seed is ground, cooked as mush, chopped for tea; root is mashed, used for soap; bark is used for soap; leaf is split, braided, shredded, used to tie structure, make a pottery rest, sandal, container; seed is used as a bead (Hedges 1986:45; Merriam 1966-1967:256; Shipek 1991:98; Spier 1923:347-348)

Yucca valida - datilillo

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- fruit is harvested in September-November, eaten (Aschmann 1966:37)
  • Pericú -- seeds are eaten (Andrews 1979:42, 67)
• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:592, 594)
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:298)

Yucca whipplei - chaparral yucca; a'ák (Kiliwa); ah-koó^chl, sha'aa (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kiliwa -- heart is collected at the prebudding stage in March and April, roasted, and eaten (Meigs 1939:9, 25)
  • Kumeyaay -- stem is roasted, pealed, eaten; blossom is boiled, eaten; leaf is buried in wet ground to extract fiber which is used in cradle, basketry, house construction (Almstedt 1968:10; Hedges 1986:45; Merriam 1966-1967:256; Spier 1923:338)

Zea mays - corn; ta'yit (Kiliwa); tiyé:c (Paipai); xca:s, akdjas, haca:s (Cocopa); tiyet, iyats (Kumeyaay). Varieties: haca:s ehan, haca:s wir, haca:s kwa:š, haca:s hamul, akdjas baliu, haca:s hwa:t (Cocopa); maiz yuma, tiyet ñak, "eastern corn" ; tiyet kwailymait'; tiyet tuñur, "painted corn"; maiz carrera, tiyet wer; tiyet kuluñ (Kumeyaay); maiz yuma, tiyé:c ha'mamá; maiz colorado, tiyé:c hwát; maiz amarillo, tiyé:c kwás; black or variegated Pueblo corn, tiyec ñak ("eastern corn"); popcorn, tiyé:c kiyái (Paipai)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- sown, weeded, protected, harvested, stored in an elevated willow basketry granary; pounded in a mortar, boiled, parched, mashed on a metate, baked; made into a mush, pinole; stored (Castetter and Bell 1951:100-106; Gifford 1933:263-264; Hohenthal 2001:116, 120, 123, 150-151, 320; Kelly 1977:42; Kniffen 1931:52, 54)
  • Kumeyaay -- cultivated; parched, ground on a slab metate, mixed with water, cooked, eaten (Gifford 1931:21-22, 40-41, 53, 60, 80)

Zosera sp. - sea grass

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:66)

alfalfa, tanglefoot grass; jiwátu (Kiliwa); xiwat, haiwat, xaiwát, šiwat (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- used for sleeping mat, in house roof, in granary (Hohenthal 2001:184, 186, 191; Spier 1923:338, 347-348)

algae; šxamí, xmi: (Cocopa)

bledo (cf. Amaranthus spp., Chenopodium spp.)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- seed is harvested in October, eaten; plant is eaten (Aschmann 1966:90; Barco 1973:105-106; Burrus 1984:152)

borage, Boraginaceae

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:299)

cabecera de liebre; j-íl(u)-sepók (Kiliwa)

cachanilla larga; tmuwkwkus (Kiliwa)

cactus; paal (Kiliwa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- spine is used (Aschmann 1966:59)
  • Kiliwa -- fruit is collected in mid June, eaten raw (Meigs 1939:10, 25)
  • Cocopa -- fruit collected in August-September (Kelly 1977:25, 40)
  • Kumeyaay -- thorn is used in fish spear (Shipek 1991:29)

cañagría, sourweed

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay - used as a tonic (Hohenthal 2001:280)

cedar

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2008b:319, 323)

cruzesilla; hukwi (Kumeyaay)

deer grass

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- stalk is stored, used in basketry (Davis 1967:59)

duraznillo; 'sxnaalq (Kiliwa)

escoba; smiilsax (Kiliwa)

felario, felarillo; mai aguare (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- stem and leaf are cooked and eaten (Hohenthal 2001:137)

galleta grass; xinkil (Kiliwa)

geranco; gabat (general Baja California)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- seed is used in pinole (Longinos 1961:36)

golondrina

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- green leaf is cooked and taken to induce vomiting as a treatment for snakebite (Hohenthal 2001:275)

grass, Poaceae; ku-áy (Kiliwa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- used in woman's clothing (Aschmann 1966:94)
  • Pericú -- used for woman's clothing, string for ornament, bow string (Andrews 1979:37, 40, 64, 68, 91)
  • Cocopa -- seed is harvested in September-October (Kelly 1977:24)
  • Kumeyaay -- thatching material for house construction (Hohenthal 2001:181)
• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Tyson 1973b:33)
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:299)

kelp

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- used in steaming abalone (Hohenthal 2001:148)

juanita, tronador; kwmnaa (Kiliwa)

lementista; kwalx (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- leaf is used in heating to produce abortion (Hohenthal 2001:197)

lettuce (wild), lechuguilla

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Paipai -- roasted in an oven (Bendímez 1989:48)

lichen; 'uha'hsu'uu ("rock's father") (Kiliwa)

mallow, Malvaceae

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- used in cordage (Longinos 1961:36)
• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:300)

manzo

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- root is used to treat insect sting or ulcer (Longinos 1961:25)

marsh grass; kunaayu (Kiliwa)

mezquitillo

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- root is used to dye deer skin (Clavijero 1937:53)

moronél; kuwak miyu:l (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- leaf is cooked and applied as a compress to relieve eye ache or eye strain; applied to wound; used to treat venereal disease (Hohenthal 2001:278, 280)

mold; s'lxaay, s'lxayu (Kiliwa)

mountain ash, fresno; itup, x:tp (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • KumeyaayUsed for bow stave (Hohenthal 2001:142; Spier 1923:350)

mushroom; ka:lúl, 'uyú:c (Cocopa); hettapun (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- eaten (Hedges 1986:46)

mustard, Brassicaceae

• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:299)

nettle; jumú (Kiliwa); hape mux (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- leaf is boiled and eaten; applied on the skin as a counterirritant for ache or pain; pod is used as a comb (Hohenthal 2001:278, 280; Spier 1923:335, 341)

palm

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- fruit is eaten; frond is pounded, fiber is used in woman's clothing, bag;; used for net; bark is used to make tray wood is used to make ladder; board is used to hold feathers (Barco 1973:102, 185-186, 190; Ortega 1944:414; Venegas 1943(1):77, 81)
• Archaeological occurrence:
  • Cape Region (Carmean and Molto 1991:27; Stewart et al. 1998:3, 6, 8; Tyson 1979:22-23)
  • Central Sierras (Hyland 1997:162, 165, 314)

palmita

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- seed is eaten (Michelsen 1970b:42)

pimentilla

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- boiled, eaten (Barco 1973:100; Clavijero 1937:41)

pink bean, frijol colorado; marik, marek (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- green or immature bean pod is sometimes boiled and eaten (Hohenthal 2001:121)

pitahayita; 'phal (Kiliwa)

quinine weed; xakwEx:ár (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- braided into a ceremonial belt (Spier 1923:320)

regalis

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- root is used to treat chest ailment (Longinos 1961:24)

repugo; tesáu (Kiliwa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kiliwa -- seed is eaten as pinole (Meigs 1939:10)

romero, rosemary (?); anya yu:l (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- leaf is cooked in a poultice to treat boil or carbunkle (Hohenthal 2001:278)

romero, romerillo; kwpsnqhawptay (Kiliwa); cimapi:l (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kiliwa -- used for thatching (Meigs 1939:31)
  • Kumeyaay -- leaf is crushed in water to wash area affected by poison oak (Hohenthal 2001:278)

seaweed; šamuk (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- eaten (Shipek 1991:30)

squaw weed; hlpk (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- seed is ground and eaten dry or made into a cake (Spier 1923:335)

thistle sage; mlti'mpuul (Kiliwa)

watercress, verro

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- eaten as a salad; leaf is crushed in water, infusion is drunk cold to purify the blood; taken to cleanse the liver (Hohenthal 2001:137, 278, 280)

wild plum; axkai, xkai (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- fruit is gathered; acorn is cracked with mano and metate, sun dried, tossed in basket, made into mush or cake; used as a tea; grove is owned (Shipek 1991:70; Spier 1923:307, 334-335)

wild sweet pea; milkasup (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- seed is eaten (Shipek 1991:31)

yerba anis; xlpaq (Kiliwa)

yerba buena; poléa (Kiliwa)

yerba colorada; ikís (Kiliwa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kiliwa -- root is used to tan deer hide (Meigs 1939:11)

yerba golpe

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Paipai -- used to treat bruise, contusion, internal disorder (Hohenthal 2001:329)

^achek (Cocopa)

akicha (Cocopa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- cultivated (Gifford 1933:267)

akwai (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- seed is eaten dry (Hohenthal 2001:137; Spier 1923:336)

akwer (Cocopa)

akwil (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- nut is collected (Gifford 1931:8)

'amaL (Kumeyaay); a sprout-like plant

asiiya kaawii (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- used in a tea to treat kidney or bladder ailment (Hedges 1986:45)

awimimedje (Cocopa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- piece of root is sucked to combat fatigue and give luck; root and leaf are boiled as a tea for sore throat, constipation, flatus; wash or pulverized dust is applied to sore (Gifford 1933:268)

awL (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- oily seed is ground for flour (Spier 1923:336)

ax:p'áL (Kumeyaay)

ekwaí

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- white seed is used in ceremony (Spier 1923:320)

e^rkish (Cocopa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- seed is eaten (Gifford 1933:267)

e^rkwap (Cocopa)

ekwáRp (Kumeyaay); possibly Chenopodium sp.

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- seed is roasted, ground, made into mush or cake (Spier 1923:335)

ernyikaseh (Cocopa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- seed is cracked on a metate, winnowed, soaked, ground, used for mush (Gifford 1933:267)

guigil (Cochimí)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- fruit is harvested in March-April, eaten (Barco 1973:99; Clavijero 1937:56)

ha'L (Kumeyaay)

he^rkwaa (Cocopa)

heshmicha (Cocopa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- a planted grain (Gifford 1933:267)

hosil (Cocopa); cf. Arctostaphylos pungens

'i:mán^y (Cocopa)

inba (Cocopa)

jeljú, jelú (Kiliwa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kiliwa -- fiber is used in net (Meigs 1939:11, 38)

jilpák (Kiliwa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kiliwa -- used to treat illness (Meigs 1939:66)

jiwélu (Kiliwa)

juapsau (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- root is used to dye deer hide for quiver (Meigs 1972:37)

komaarx (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- leaf is boiled, leached, boiled again, eaten (Hedges 1986:45)

kemu'm (Cocopa)

kosik (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- berry is eaten as a famine food (Hohenthal 2001:137)

kuíl (Kiliwa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kiliwa -- seed is collected in September and October, eaten in mush (Meigs 1939:9)

kunaay (Kiliwa); mesquite-like shrub

kw'hiw (Kiliwa)

kwmuum (Kiliwa)

kw:š (Cocopa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- used for cordage in fishing (Kelly 1977:52)

lksis, l^yksis, xlksis (Cocopa)

l^yxp'i, xl^yp'i (Cocopa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- leaf is boiled, liquid is used to wash body sore (Crawford 1989:114)

manuwek (Kiliwa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kiliwa -- root is used in tanning (Meigs 1939:11)

matapá (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- pink seed is used in ceremony (Spier 1923:320)

mcay (Kiliwa)

meniwí (Kiliwa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kiliwa -- branch is used for throwing-stick; trunk is used for post; used to make cradle (Meigs 1939:11, 40)

meškwa (Cocopa)

mešwip (Cocopa)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Cocopa -- bush is used to poison arrow for war (Kelly 1977:52)

mikwijh (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- root is used to dye deer hide for quiver (Meigs 1972:37)

milapa (Cochimí)

naka:t (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- a poisonous weed (Hohenthal 2001:124)

nyus (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- root is boiled, eaten (Gifford 1931:24)

owáL (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- red seed is used in ceremony (Spier 1923:320)

pá-iu (Kiliwa)

panch (general Baja California)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- seed is used in pinole (Longinos 1961:36)

pegola, pitch tree

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • general Baja California -- resin is used to attach arrow foreshaft (Clavijero 1937:54, 99)

pelxiu (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- leaf is boiled in salted water (Hohenthal 2001:137)

piltai (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- herb with which mourner washes himself (Hohenthal 2001:259)

t'msuqciw (Kiliwa)

txmá (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- used as fire drill (Spier 1923:342)

wRó (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- seed is winnowed, crushed in a metate, eaten dry (Gifford 1931:24)

x'ilusupuq ("jackrabbit's pillow", "cabecera de liebre") (Kiliwa)

xl'xuw (Kiliwa)

'xpir (Kiliwa)

yidut (Kumeyaay)

• Ethnographic testimony:
  • Kumeyaay -- stem is boiled, pealed, eaten (Gifford 1931:24)