Prehistoric Ceramics
Ethnographic Reference
(Arranged in chronological order and annotated)
DuBois, Constance Goddard. 1908. The Religion of the Luiseño Indians of Southern California. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8:69-186. Berkeley. (Brief notes on Kumeyaay pottery, pp. 168-170; with a photograph.)
Heye, George C. 1919. Certain Aboriginal Pottery from Southern California. Indian Notes and Monographs 7:1-46. Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, New York. (Almost exclusively based on an archaeological study of mortuary ceramics in the northeastern Ipai area, but with minor references to ethnographic practices; photographs.)
Spier, Leslie. 1923. Southern Diegueño Customs. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 20:295-358. Berkeley. (Brief note on ceramics from a Campo consultant, p. 348.)
Kroeber, A. L. 1925. Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 78. Washington, D.C. (Some general observations on ceramics, pp. 722, 822-823.)
Gifford, Edward W. 1928. Pottery-making in the Southwest. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 23:353-373. Berkeley. (Description of Cocopa ceramic methods, pp. 354-355; drawings of Cocopa and Southern Diegueño ceramic anvils, p. 363.)
Gifford, E. W. 1931. The Kamia of Imperial Valley. Bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology No. 97. Washington, D.C. (Brief notes on ceramics recorded in 1928-1929, p. 42.)
Gifford, E. W. 1933. The Cocopa. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31:257-334. Berkeley. (Detailed account of an episode of pottery making, pp. 318-320; with photographs.)
Rogers, Malcolm J. 1936. Yuman Pottery Making. San Diego Museum Papers No. 2. San Diego. (Detailed discussion of ceramic industries of the Kiliwa, Kumeyaay, Cocopa, Quechan, and other Yuman groups, based both on ethnographic observations and archaeological evidence; with photographs and sketches.)
Drucker, Philip. 1937. Culture Element Distributions: V Southern California. Anthropological Records 1:1-52. University of California, Berkeley. (Brief trait checklists for pottery manufacturing techniques and vessel shapes from Kumeyaay and Quechan consultants, as well as Uto-Aztecans, pp. 22-23, 48.)
Meigs, Peveril, III. 1939. The Kiliwa Indians of Lower California. Iberoamericana No. 15. Berkeley. (Data on Kiliwa pottery collected in 1928-1936, pp. 36-37; with a drawing.)
Drucker, Philip. 1941. Culture Element Distributions: XVII Yuman-Piman. Anthropological Records 6:91-230. University of California, Berkeley. (Longer trait checklists on manufacturing techniques, forms, decoration, and social practices from La Huerta Kumeyaay and Paipai consultants, pp. 107-109, 165, 176-178; with sketches of vessel forms.)
Michelsen, Ralph C. 1971. Petra Makes Paddle and Anvil Pottery. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 7(1):1. (Account of Paipai pottery making at Santa Catarina, p. 1; with a drawing.)
Smith, Helen C. 1972 The Making of Paddle and Anvil Pottery at Santa Catarina, Baja California, Mexico. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 8(1):2-9. (Photographs of Kwatl potter Petra Higuera taken by Ralph Michelsen in 1966, with explanatory captions.)
Kelly, William H. 1977. Cocopa Ethnography. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona No. 29. Tucson. (Data on pottery making collected in 1940-1952, pp. 48-51; with photographs.)
Hedges, Ken. 1986. Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany. Ethnic Technology Notes No. 20. San Diego Museum of Man, San Diego. (Brief description of Ipai pottery making in 1966, pp. 46-47.)
Wilken, Michael. 1987. The Paipai Potters of Baja California: A Living Tradition. The Masterkey 60:18-26. (Discussion of the continuing pottery-making tradition maintained by six Kumeyaay and Paipai women at Santa Catarina, including differences in their individual techniques and products; with photographs.)
Fenenga, Gerrit L., and Verenice Y. Heredia. 1995. Pai Pai Ethnoarchaeology: Some Implications for California Archaeology. Paper presented at the Society for California Archaeology southern data-sharing meetings, Los Angeles. (Observations on physical evidence produced by the work of a Paipai-Kwatl potter at Santa Catarina.)
Campbell, Paul Douglas. 1999. Survival Skills of Native California. Gibbs Smith, Layton, Utah. (Detailed discussion of Yuman ceramic technology, based on part on the author's observations at Santa Catarina, pp. 119-135; with photographs.)
Hohenthal, William D., Jr. 2001. Tipai Ethnographic Notes: A Baja California Indian Community at Mid Century. Ballena Press Anthropological Papers No. 48. Menlo Park, California. (Description of pottery making at Nejí, Manteca, and San Pedro in 1948, pp. 166-173; with drawings.)
Chronological Limits
A. L. Kroeber (1925:702) observed that "the introduction of this art from the Colorado River to the desert and the coast is not altogether recent, as the presence of sherds in the upper layers of an ancient site at La Jolla proves.... On the other hand, it can not be doubted that the art came to the coast fr0m the east at no very remote period."
Malcolm J. Rogers (1945) proposed chronological divisions labelled Yuman I, Yuman II, and Yuman III, beginning respectively in the A.D. 800s, ca. A.D. 1050, and ca. A.D. 1500. In Baja California, Yuman I was represented only in the Colorado River valley, Yuman II expanded slightly to include the Laguna Macuata basin, and Yuman III included all of the peninsula as far south as Bahía de las Animas. Rogers' estimates for the chronology were evidently based primarily on associations with intrusive Hohokam and Anasazi sherds.
James Robert Moriarty (1966:27) noted a radiocarbon date from La Jolla, immediately north of San Diego, as representing the earliest date associated with pottery in that region. The date was 1270 ± 250 B.P., based on mussel (Mytilus californianus) shell (Hubbs et al. 1962:235); calibrated and with a reservoir correction factor of 236 ± 80, this would correspond to a two-sigma rance between A.D. 816 and 1825. The association between the pottery and the radiocarbon sample was not discussed.
Christopher E. Drover (1971, 1975, 1978; Drover et al. 1979) and Judith F. Porcasi (1998) argued that brownware ceramics were in use as early as 1500 B.C. or 3000 B.C. in portions of southern California to the north of ethnographic Yuman territory, on Santa Catalina Island and in Orange and Riverside counties. These claims were variously based on cultural associations, thermoluminescence dating, and associations with radiocarbon dates.
Ronald V. May (1976) reported a radiocarbon date calibrated to A.D. 890-1260 as marking the earliest appearance of brownware ceramics at a site in the mountains of southeastern San Diego County.
Michael R. Waters (1982) renamed Rogers' periods at Patayan I, II, and III. He dated Patayan I as beginning around A.D. 700. This estimate was based on the association of Lower Colorado Buffware sherds with intrusive Hohokam Colonial period sheerds at an Imperial County site and on radiocarbon dates as early as 1125 ± 80 B.P. (calibrated to a two-sigma range between A.D. 680 and 1040) in southwestern Arizona.
Suzanne Griset (1996) directly tested the carbon residues on brownware sherds from nine sites in San Diego and Riverside counties, primarily to the north of ethnographic Kumeyaay territory. Three of the 22 accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dates suggested local ceramic use prior to A.D. 1000; the earliest of these dates calibrated to a two-sigma range of A.D. 545-950.
John A. Hildebrand (2003) reported radiocarbon dates based on charcoal from subsurface features associated with buffware sherds at the North Stollard Locality (CA-IMP-7911/H) in the lower Colorado River valley. The earliest of Hildebrand's dates were from Feature 19c/d, 1780 ±90 B.P. and 1240 ±60 B.P. (calibrated to two-sigma ranges of A.D. 20-440 and A.D. 660-950 respectively) and from Feature 19y, 1530 ±40 B.P. (A.D. 420-620). Hildebrand (2003:258) concluded that "ceramic usage on the lower Colorado River was ongoing by perhaps A.D. 500."
References Cited
Drover, Christopher E. 1971. Three Fired-Clay Figurines from 4-Ora-64, Orange County, California. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 7(4):45-49.
------. 1975. Early Ceramics from Coastal Southern California. Journal of California Anthropology 2:101-107.
------. 1978. Prehistoric Ceramic Objects from Catalina Island. Journal of California Anthropology 5:78-83.
Drover, Christopher E., R. E. Taylor, Thomas Cairns, and Jonathon E. Ericson. 1979. Thermoluminescence Determinations on Early Ceramic Materials from Coastal Southern California. American Antiquity 44:285-295.
Griset, Suzanne. 1996. Southern California Brown Ware. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis.
Hildebrand, John A. 2003. Ceramics Excavated from the Lower Colorado River Region by the North Baja Pipeline Project. In: A View across the Cultural Landscape of the Lower Colorado Desert: Cultural Resource Investigations for the North Baja Pipeline Project, by James H. Cleland and Rebecca McCorkle Apple, pp. 245-259. EDAW, San Diego.
Hubbs, Carl L., George S. Bien, and Hans E. Suess. 1962. La Jolla Natural Radiocarbon Measurements II. American Journal of Science Radiocarbon Supplement 4:204-238.
Kroeber, A. L. 1925. Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 78. Washington, D.C.
May, Ronald V. 1976. An Early Ceramic Date Threshold in Southern California. The Masterkey 50:103-107.
Moriarty, James Robert. 1966. Cultural Phase Divisions Suggested by Typological Change Coordinated with Stratigraphically Controlled Radiocarbon Dating at San Diego. Anthropological Journal of Canada 4:20-30.
Porcasi, Judith F. 1998. Middle Holocene Ceramic Technology on the Southern California Coast: New Evidence from Little Harbor, Santa Catalina Island. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 20:270-284.
Rogers, Malcolm J. 1945. An Outline of Yuman Prehistory. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 1:167-198.
Waters, Michael R. 1982. The Lowland Patayan Ceramic Tradition. In: Hohokam and Patayan: Prehistory of Southwestern Arizona, edited by Randall H. McGuire and Michael B. Schiffer, pp. 275-297. Academic Press, New York.
Geographical Limits
The manufacture and use of ceramics in Kumeyaay, Cocopa, and Quechan territories prior to the mission period is well established by historical, ethnographic, and archaeological evidence, which does not need to be presented here. Listed below is evidence that may shed light on the extent of prehistoric pottery use farther south in Baja California.
Historical and Ethnographic Testimony
San Felipe, ca. 1746 -- William Stratford, an English sea captain working for the Jesuit missions, reported that the unconverted Indians of the port of San Felipe "se sirven de ollas, cazuelas, que no tienen los demás de la costa referidos, sino que se mantienen con asar sus viandas, con lo que se conoce que estos indios las cuecen, tienen pipas de barro en que chupan su tabaco" ("use ollas, pots, which the others of this coast do not have but rather sustain themselves by roasting their food; by which it is known that these Indians cook their food and have clay pipes for smoking their tobacco") (Ramos 1958:60).
Bahía San Luis Gonzaga, 1746 -- Fernando Consag, a Jesuit missionary/explorer, sailing north toward the Colorado River, encountered "an old man carrying a small clay jug, which they know well how to put to use. This is an asset that neither the gentiles to the south nor the Christians who succeeded them in the same area knew, until people from the mainland, instinctively and on orders of the missionary fathers, taught them" (Venegas 1757(3):170).
San Vicente, 1769 -- José de Cañizares, a soldier with the Rivera party spearheading the Portolá-Serra expedition to Alta California, near the later mission site of San Vicente, wrote, "It is wonderful to see...how these Indians manage to manufacture their well-finished earthen pots" (Thickens and Mollins 1952:344).
Kiliwa Territory, 1920s-1930s -- Malcolm J. Rogers (1936) and Peveril Meigs (1939) reported on ethnographic evidence for pottery making by the Kiliwa.
Archaeological Observations
Ensenada -- Malcolm J. Rogers (1945:173) reported that "middens with a Western Yuman material pattern gradually diminish in number in a southerly direction until they disappear completely from the archaeologic picture in the latitude of Ensenada, even though in the Peninsular Range and particularly on the Gulf of California side, Yuman sites with pottery extend at least 120 miles farther south."
Ethnographic Paipai Territory -- Based on an archaeological survey of the Jamau-Jaquijel region on the eastern slope, Frederic N. Hicks (1959:65) reported that "pottery was present at all sites except some of the smaller campsites." M. B. McKusick and A. T. Gilman (1959:51) and Paul G. Chace (1967) also reported pottery at sites in the mountains around and to the south of Santa Catarina.
San Felipe -- Gena R. Van Camp (1979:69) reported that "sherds and whole vessels from northeastern Baja California mentioned by Rogers (1936) and found by myself in Museum and private collections and in our own excavations reveal a distribution of buff ware that extends as far south as San Felipe on the Gulf Coast."
San Quintín -- Ronald V. May (1973:59-60) noted the distribution of Santo Tomás Brown pottery, with fiber temper and probable historic-period associations, from San Quintín north to Santa Catarina and San Miguel.
Arroyo Matomí -- Ronald D. Douglas (1981) reported the presence of undecorated Lower Colorado Buffware at sites in Arroyo Matomí, south of San Felipe.
San Quintín-El Rosario -- Jerry D. Moore (1999:28) conducted extensive surface surveys in the coastal zone between San Quintín and El Rosario. He reported finding pottery only at two mission-period sites. The character of the material suggested that "the pottery seems to be a postcontact ware, although drawn from indigenous rather than Spanish ceramic traditions."
El Rosario -- Meigs (1939:37) reported that pottery occurred "in the long-abandoned shell heaps along the Pacific Coast at least as far south as Rosario."
William C. Massey (1947:355) reported that "site BC 63, at La Turquesa [east of El Rosario], is the farthest south on which native pottery--a performated potsherd disc--has been found. Elsewhere along the coast sites bearing potsherds are frequent; however there are marked concentrations of sherds on sites adjacent to the Dominican missions. There seems to be a long gap in pottery-bearing sites between Santo Domingo Mission and the old Rosario Mission; potsherds occur on sites near these missions but, so far as I have been able to determine, not in the area between. This naturally raises the question of mission influence and the age of ceramic sites near these missions. The solitary pottery disc from near La Turquesa was most likely a trade item."
San Fernando Velicatá -- Donald R. Tuohy and Mary B. Strawn (1989) examined plainware ceramics from Mission San Fernando Velicatá. Eric W. Ritter (1995, 1997) and Stephen L. Williams (1995, 1997) also reported on sherds from the mission site.
Bahía de los Angeles Area -- Edward Palmer recovered sherds from at least two pottery vessels in a burial cave by Bahía de los Angeles; Massey and Carolyn M. Osborne (1961:343), analyzing Palmer's collection, observed that "this pottery could have been native-made pottery from the Mission period, or it could have been derived from pottery-making Indians to the north."
Rogers' (1945:184) map showed the maximum area of Yuman III (with a question mark) extending south of Isla Angel de la Guarda and Bahía de la Animas and west to Punta Santa Rosalita on the Pacific coast.
In an archaeological reconnaissance around Bahía de los Angeles, Emma Lou Davis (1968:184, 190) found "abundant" pottery at late-period coastal sites.
John W. Foster (1984) reported that a site at Bahía de los Angeles, designated BC-215, contained what he concluded were historic-period Seri ceramics from across the Gulf of California. However, Thomas Bowen (2005:410) subsequently noted that the BC-215 ceramics contained anomalous characteristics similar to other finds in the Bahía de los Angeles area and that "it may be that the engimatic sherds at BC-215 are related to this apprently local non-Seri plainware."
Tuohy and Strawn (1989) examined plainware ceramics from Mission San Borja.
Ritter (1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 2006a; Ritter et al. 1994) and Williams (1995, 1997) reported on pottery from several sites in the vicinity of Bahía de los Angeles and Bahía de las Animas. It was suggested that the use of organic material (grass or dung) as temper in pottery within the wider region of southwestern North America seemed to coincide with the arrival of Europeans (Ritter et al. 1994:17). Ritter (1995) noted the similarity of the remains from mission and non-mission sites, but concluded that "the possibility of late prehistoric pottery diffusion from the north into these bays cannot as yet be discounted." He also suggested that "ceramics, while present at a few sites, are probably derived from mission influence....These vessels were probably both locally made and imported from northerly reaches" (Ritter 1998:17).
Guerrero Negro -- Ritter (1999, 2006b; Ritter and Payen 1992) reported the presence of plainware ceramics at sites beside the Three Sisters Lagoons near Guerrero Negro. The materials were interpreted as belonging to the mission period.
Sierra de San Francisco -- Clement W. Meighan (1969) reported the presence of brownware potsherds from a single vessel at the Great Mural rock art site of Cueva Pintada (Gardner Cave) in the Sierra de San Francisco. "Since this is on the southern limits of pottery distribution in Baja California, it was thought at first that the sherds might be derived from Spanish-period manufacture rather than aboriginal pottery. However, analysis of the pottery showed it to be tempered with grass; and it is therefore more likely of aboriginal origin, possibly an example of stimulus diffusion resulting from familiarity with pottery made farther north" (Meighan 1969:40-42).
Justin R. Hyland and María de la Luz Gutiérrez (Hyland 1997:317-319; Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:285-287) reported plain brownware pottery from six sites in the Sierra de San Francisco, in some cases in association with historic-period materials. "These associations provide further support that pottery manufacture in the southern peninsula was associated with the arrival of the jesuits in 1697" (Hyland 1997:319).
Bahía de la Concepción -- Ritter (1979) found plainware pottery at three sites near Bahía de la Concepción. He suggested that "the concept of pottery manufacture was introduced very late, probably coinciding with the coming of the Jesuits..., and played little or no part in the aboriginal lifeway" (Ritter 1979:331).
Comondú -- Donald R. Tuohy (1970) reported the presence of small amounts of pottery at aboriginal sites in the Sierra de la Giganta. However, he concluded that "stratigraphic excavations...have clearly demonstrated the association between plain brown ware ceramics and Jesuit Period (1697-1767), or historic period, artifacts" (Tuohy 1970:42). His map showed the distribution of pottery extending as far south as Bahía de los Angeles on the Gulf coast but stopping at El Rosario on the Pacific coast (Tuohy 1970:50).
Isla Espíritu Santo -- Harumi Fujita (personal communication, 2006) reports the presence of plainware pottery at some sites on Isla Espíritu Santo, in the Cape Region.
References Cited
Bowen, Thomas. 2005. A Historic Seri Site on Isla San Lorenzo. Kiva 70:399-412.
Chace, Paul G. 1967. A Note on Decorated Pottery in Baja California. Pacific Coast Archaeological Survey Quarterly 3(1):50-52.
Davis, Emma Lou. 1968. An Archaeological Reconnaissance in the Central Desert of Baja California. University of California, Los Angeles, Archaeological Survey Annual Report 10:176-208.
Douglas, Ronald D. 1981. An Archaeological Reconnaissance in Arriba de Arroyo Matomi, Baja California Norte, Mexico. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 17(1):63-69.
Foster, John W. 1984. A Late Period Seri Site from Bahía de los Angeles, Baja California. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 20(1):61-68.
Gutiérrez, María de la Luz, and Justin R. Hyland. 2002. Arqueología de la sierra de San Francisco: Dos décadas de investigación del fenómeno Gran Mural. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.
Hicks, Frederic N. 1959. Archaeological Sites in the Jamau Jaquijel Region, Baja California: A Preliminary Report. University of California, Los Angeles, Archaeological Survey Annual Report 1958-59:59-66.
Hyland, Justin Robert. 1997. Image, Land, and Lineage: Hunter-Gatherer Archaeology in Central Baja California, Mexico. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley.
Massey, William C. 1947. Brief report on Archaeological Investigations in Baja California. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 3:344-359.
------, and Carolyn M. Osborne. 1961. A Burial Cave in Baja California: The Palmer Collection, 1887. Anthropological Records 16:339-364. University of California, Berkeley.
May, Ronald V. 1973. An Archaeological Survey of Mission Santo Tomás, Baja California. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 9(1):48-64.
McKusick, M. B., and A. T. Gilman. 1959. An Acorn Grinding Site in Baja California. University of California, Los Angeles, Archaeological Survey Annual Report 1958-59:47-56.
Meighan, Clement W. 1969. Indian Art and History: The Testimony of Prehispanic Rock Paintings in Baja California. Dawson's Book Shop, Los Angeles.
Meigs, Peveril, III. 1939. The Kiliwa Indians of Lower California. Iberoamericana No. 15. Berkeley.
Moore, Jerry D. 1999. Archaeology in the Forgotten Peninsula: Prehistoric Settlement and Subsistence Strategies in Northern Baja California. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 21:17-44.
Ramos, Roberto. 1958. Tres documentos sobre el descubrimiento y exploración de Baja California por Francisco María Píccolo, Juan de Ugarte, y Guillermo Stratford. Editorial Jus, Mexico City.
Ritter, Eric W. 1979. An Archaeological Study of South-Central Baja California, Mexico. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis.
------. 1994. Investigaciones de ecología social y cambios entre culturas prehistóricas en la región de Bahía de los Angeles, California (1993). Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.
------. 1995. Investigaciones de ecología social y cambios entre culturas prehistóricas en la región de Bahía de los Angeles, California (1994). Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.
------. 1997. Investigaciones de ecología social y cambios entre culturas prehistóricas en la región de Bahía de los Angeles, California (1995). Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.
------. 1998. Investigations of Prehistoric Behavioral Ecology and Culture Change within the Bahía de los Angeles Region, Baja California. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 34(3):9-43.
------. 1999. Investigaciones arqueológicas en Laguna Guerrero Negro, Baja California (Fase I). Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.
------. 2006a. Bahía de los Angeles. In: The Prehistory of Baja California: Advances in the Archaeology of the Forgotten Peninsula, edited by Don Laylander and Jerry D. Moore, pp. 167-178. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
------. 2006b. The Vizcaíno Desert. In: The Prehistory of Baja California: Advances in the Archaeology of the Forgotten Peninsula, edited by Don Laylander and Jerry D. Moore, pp. 135-152. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
------, John W. Foster, Robert I. Orlins, Louis A. Payen, and Paul D. Bouey. 1994. Archaeological Insights within a Marine Cornucopia: Baja California's Bahía de las Animas. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 30(1):1-23.
------, and Louis A. Payen. 1992. Archaeological Discoveries along Laguna Ojo de Liebre, Baja California, Mexico. In: Essays on the Prehistory of Maritime California, edited by Terry L. Jones, pp. 251-266. Center for Archaeological Research at Davis Publication No. 10. Davis, California.
Rogers, Malcolm J. 1936. Yuman Pottery Making. San Diego Museum Papers No. 2. San Diego.
------. 1945. An Outline of Yuman Prehistory. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 1:167-198.
Thickens, Virginia E., and Margaret Mollins. 1952. Putting a Lid on California: An Unpublished Diary of the Portolá Expedition by José de Cañizares. California Historical Society Quarterly 31:109-124, 261-270, 343-354.
Tuohy, Donald R. 1970. The Aboriginal Containers of Baja California, Mexico: A Search for Origins. Tebiwa 13(2):41-51.
------, and Mary B. Strawn. 1989. Thin Section Analysis of Mission Period Pottery from Baja California, Mexico. Nevada Archaeologist 17(2):36-48.
Van Camp, Gena R. 1979. Kumeyaay Pottery: Paddle-and-Anvil Techniques of Southern California. Ballena Press, Socorro, New Mexico.
Venegas, Miguel. 1757. Noticia de la California y de su conquista temporal, y espiritual hasta el tiempo presente. 3 vols. M. Fernández, Madrid.
Williams, Stephen L. 1995. Microanálisis de tepalcates procedentes del área de Bahía de los Angeles y Misión San Fernando Velicatá, Baja California. In: Investigaciones de ecología social y cambios entre culturas prehistóricas en la región de Bahía de los Angeles, Baja California (1994), by Eric W.Ritter, Appendix 5. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.
------. 1997. Microanálisis de tepalcates del centro de Baja California, programa Baja California, 1995. In: Investigaciones de ecología social y cambios entre culturas prehistóricas en la región de Bahía de los Angeles, Baja California (1995), by Eric W. Ritter, Appendix 7. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.
Attribute Distributions
Attributes are annotated as present [+] or absent [-] during particular periods, within particular regions, or among particular ethnic groups. The attributes recorded here are ones most likely to be encountered archaeologically.
Varied terms and geographical distributions havr been used for the Kumeyaay, who speak a series of closely related languages or dialects. One recent linguistic synthesis distinguished Ipai (northwestern), Kumeyaay (central eastern), and Tipai (southern) languages (Goddard 1996). Drucker's (1937, 1941) "Mountain Diegueño" correspond to eastern Ipai (northern Kumeyaay). His "Western Diegueño" correspond to western Ipai and western Tipai (southern Kumeyaay). His "Desert Diegueño" correspond to Kumeyaay and Tipai (central and southern Kumeyaay). "Kamia" are eastern Kumeyaay. "Santa Catarina" refers to the ethnically mixed population of Paipai and Kwatl (southernmost Kumeyaay) at Santa Catarina.
The chronological periods distinguished by Malcolm J. Rogers (1945) are Yuman I (ca. A.D. 800-1050), Yuman II (ca. A.D. 1050-1500), and Yuman III (post ca. A.D. 1500). Michael R. Waters' (1982) corresponding periods are Patayan I (ca. A.D. 700-1000), Patayan II (ca. A.D. 1000-1500), and Patayan III (post ca. A.D. 1500).
Artifact Form
| Artifact Form | Distribution | |
| jar / olla | + | Diegueño (DuBois 1908:168-170); Southern Diegueño (Spier 1923:348); Kiliwa, Southern Diegueño, Kamia, Cocopa, Quechan (Rogers 1936:17-19, 25-26, 33, 36, 49, 51); Western Diegueño, Mountain Diegueño, Desert Diegueño, Quechan (Drucker 1937:22); Paipai, Mountain Diegueño, Cocopa (Drucker 1941:108); Paipai (Michelsen 1971:1); Cocopa (Kelly 1977:48); Ipai (Hedges 1986:47); Tipai (Hohenthal 2001:166-169); mountain and desert areas (Treganza 1942:158-159) |
| bowl | + | Diegueño (DuBois 1908:170); Southern Diegueño (Spier 1923:348); Cocopa (Gifford 1933:319); Kiliwa, Southern Diegueño, Kamia, Cocopa, Quechan (Rogers 1936:17, 19, 25-26, 33, 36, 49, 51); Kiliwa (Meigs 1939:36); Western Diegueño, Mountain Diegueño, Desert Diegueño, Quechan (Drucker 1937:22); Paipai, Cocopa (Drucker 1941:108); Cocopa (Kelly 1977:48); Tipai (Hohenthal 2001:168-169); mountain and desert areas (Treganza 1942:158-159) |
| tray / dish | + | Southern Diegueño (Spier 1923:348); Cocopa (Gifford 1933:319); Kamia, Quechan (Rogers 1936:25-26, 33); Western Diegueño, Mountain Diegueño, Desert Diegueño, Quechan (Drucker 1937:22); Mountain Diegueño, Cocopa (Drucker 1941:108); Cocopa (Kelly 1977:48); mountain and desert areas (Treganza 1942:158); Yuman II, III (Rogers 1945:188) |
| - | Yuman I (Rogers 1945:188) | |
| ladle / scoop | + | Cocopa (Gifford 1933:319); Southern Diegueño, Kamia, Quechan (Rogers 1936:25-26, 33, 49); Desert Diegueño, Quechan (Drucker 1937:22); Paipai, Mountain Diegueño, Cocopa (Drucker 1941:108); Cocopa (Kelly 1977:48); mountain and desert areas (Treganza 1942:159) |
| smoking pipe | + | Southern Diegueño (Spier 1923:348); Kiliwa, Southern Diegueño, Northern Diegueño, Kamia (Rogers 1936:19-21, 42, 50); Tipai (Hohenthal 2001:169); mountain and desert areas (Treganza 1942:158-159); Yuman I (Rogers 1945:188) |
| - | Kamia (Gifford 1931:25); Quechan (Rogers 1936:42); Yuman II, III (Rogers 1945:188) | |
| pottery anvil | + | Cocopa (Gifford 1933:318); Kiliwa, Southern Diegueño, Cocopa (Rogers 1936:10, 17-19, 36, 49); Desert Diegueño (Drucker 1937:22); Paipai, Mountain Diegueño, Cocopa (Drucker 1941:107); Paipai (Michelsen 1971:1); Ipai (Hedges 1986:47); Santa Catarina (Wilken 1987:22); Santa Catarina (Fenenga and Heredia 1995:4); Tipai (Hohenthal 2001:170-171); mountain and desert areas (Treganza 1942:159) |
| - | Northern Diegueño, Kamia, Quechan (Rogers 1936:21, 25, 31); Western Diegueño, Mountain Diegueño, Quechan (Drucker 1937:22) | |
| figurine | + | Mountain Diegueño, Cocopa (Drucker 1941:109); Cocopa (Kelly 1977:48); Santa Catarina (Wilken 1987:23); Tipai (Hohenthal 2001:167); mountain and desert areas (Treganza 1942:159) |
| rattle | + | Southern Diegueño (Spier 1923:348); Kamia (Gifford 1931:44); Southern Diegueño, Kamia (Rogers 1936:19, 25, 51); Santa Catarina (Wilken 1987:23); mountain and desert areas (Treganza 1942:158-159) |
| "Colorado shoulder" | + | Yuman I (Rogers 1945:188); Patayan I (Waters 1982:282) |
| - | Yuman II, III (Rogers 1945:188); Patayan II, III (Waters 1982:282) | |
| direct rim | + | Kamia (Rogers 1936:26); Yuman I, II [seed jar, scoop, tray], III [scoop, tray] (Rogers 1945:188); Patayan I [jar] (Waters 1982:282) |
| - | Yuman II [olla, canteen, jar, bowl], III [olla canteen, seed jar, jar, bowl] (Rogers 1945:188); Patayan II, III [jar] (Waters 1982:282) | |
| recurved rim | + | Kamia, Quechan (Rogers 1936:26, 33); Quechan (Drucker 1937:22); Paipai, Mountain Diegueño, Cocopa (Drucker 1941:108); Yuman II [olla, canteen, jar, bowl, scoop], III [olla, canteen, seed jar, jar, bowl, scoop, tray] (Rogers 1945:188); Patayan II, III [jar] (Waters 1982:282) |
| - | Yuman I, II [seed jar, tray] (Rogers 1945:188); Patayan I [jar] (Waters 1982:282) | |
| reinforced rim band | + | Patayan III (Waters 1982:282) |
| - | Patayan I, II (Waters 1982:282) | |
| rounded lip | + | Yuman I (Rogers 1945:188); Patayan I, II (Waters 1982:282) |
| - | Yuman II, III (Rogers 1945:188); Patayan III (Waters 1982:282) | |
| flat lip | + | Yuman II, III (Rogers 1945:188) |
| - | Yuman I (Rogers 1945:188) | |
| lug or loop handles | + | Patayan I (Waters 1982:282) |
| holes for carrying strap | + | Kamia (Rogers 1936:26) |
Embellishment
| Decoration | Distribution | |
| painted with red lines | + | Southern Diegueño (Spier 1923:348); Kamia (Gifford 1931:42); Cocopa (Gifford 1933:320); Southern Diegueño, Kamia, Cocopa, Quechan (Rogers 1936:12, 26, 32, 36); Western Diegueño, Desert Diegueño, Quechan (Drucker 1937:23); Mountain Diegueño, Cocopa (Drucker 1941:108); Tipai(Hohenthal 2001:172); mountain and desert areas (Treganza 1942:158-159) |
| - | Kiliwa, Southern Diegueño [prior to 18th c.] (Rogers 1936:18, 20, 42); Mountain Diegueño (Drucker 1937:23); Paipai (Drucker 1941:108); Santa Catarina (Wilken 1987:22) | |
| painted with black lines | + | Kamia (Gifford 1931:42); Quechan (Rogers 1936:32); Quechan (Drucker 1937:23); Paipai, Cocopa (Drucker 1941:108); Cocopa (Kelly 1977:49); desert areas (Treganza 1942:159); Yuman II, III (Rogers 1945:188); Patayan II, III (Waters 1982:282) |
| - | Kiliwa, Southern Diegueño (Rogers 1936:12, 18, 42); Western Diegueño, Mountain Diegueño, Desert Diegueño (Drucker 1937:23); Mountain Diegueño (Drucker 1941:108); Santa Catarina (Wilken 1987:22); Yuman I (Rogers 1945:188); Patayan I (Waters 1982:282) | |
| zoomorphic design elements | + | Yuman I, II (Rogers 1945:188); Patayan I, II (Waters 1982:282) |
| - | Yuman III (Rogers 1945:188); Patayan III (Waters 1982:282) | |
| red slip | + | Yuman I (Rogers 1945:188); Patayan I (Waters 1982:282) |
| - | Yuman II, III (Rogers 1945:188); Patayan II, III (Waters 1982:282) | |
| incised / notched | + | Southern Diegueño [pre-modern], Northern Diegueño [pre-modern], Kamia (Rogers 1936:26, 42); Cocopa (Drucker 1941:109); mountain areas (Treganza 1942:158); mountain and desert areas (Treganza 1942:158-159); Yuman I (Rogers 1945:188); Patayan I (Waters 1982:282) |
| - | Southern Diegueño (Rogers 1936:12, 20); Western Diegueño, Mountain Diegueño, Desert Diegueño, Quechan (Drucker 1937:22); Mountain Diegueño (Drucker 1941:109); Yuman II, III (Rogers 1945:188); Patayan II, III (Waters 1982:282) | |
| surface polished / burnished | + | Paipai, Mountain Diegueño (Drucker 1941:107); Santa Catarina (Wilken 1987:23); Santa Catarina (Fenenga and Heredia 1995:4); Tipai (Hohenthal 2001:171); Yuman I (Rogers 1945:188); Patayan I (Waters 1982:282) |
| - | Southern Diegueño (Rogers 1936:11); mountain areas (Treganza 1942:158); Yuman II, III (Rogers 1945:188); Patayan II, III (Waters 1982:282) | |
| rim scalloped | + | Mountain Diegueño, Cocopa (Drucker 1941:109) |
Materials
| Materials | Distribution | |
| residual clay | + | Kiliwa, Northern Diegueño, Southern Diegueño, Kamia, Cocopa (Rogers 1936:4, 24, 35, 42); mountain areas (Treganza 1942:158) |
| - | Quechan (Rogers 1936:30, 42) | |
| sedimentary clay | + | Kamia, Cocopa, Quechan (Rogers 1936:24, 30, 35, 42); desert areas (Treganza 1942:158) |
| - | Kiliwa, Northern Diegueño, Southern Diegueño (Rogers 1936:4, 42) | |
| clay acquired from distant sources | + | Southern Diegueño (Rogers 1936:4) |
| sand added | + | Paipai, Mountain Diegueño, Cocopa (Drucker 1941:107) |
| - | Tipai (Hohenthal 2001:166-167, 170); Ipai (Hedges 1986:47) | |
| crushed rock added | + | Diegueño (Kroeber 1925:722); Kamia, Quechan (Rogers 1936:25, 31); Quechan (Drucker 1937:22) |
| - | Western Diegueño, Mountain Diegueño, Desert Diegueño (Drucker 1937:22); Paipai, Mountain Diegueño, Cocopa (Drucker 1941:107); Ipai (Hedges 1986:47); Tipai (Hohenthal 2001:166-167, 170) | |
| potsherds added | + | Kamia (Gifford 1931:42); Cocopa (Gifford 1933:318); Cocopa, Quechan (Rogers 1936:30, 36); Mountain Diegueño, Desert Diegueño, Quechan (Drucker 1937:22); Paipai, Cocopa (Drucker 1941:107); Santa Catarina (Wilken 1987:21); Santa Catarina (Fenenga and Heredia 1995:4) |
| - | Western Diegueño, Mountain Diegueño, Quechan (Drucker 1937:22); Mountain Diegueño (Drucker 1941:107); Ipai (Hedges 1986:47); Tipai (Hohenthal 2001:166-167, 170) | |
| ash added | + | Santa Catarina (Wilken 1987:21) |
| fiber (e.g., dung) added | + | Santa Catarina (Fenenga and Heredia 1995:4) |
| stucco finish | + | Kamia, Quechan (Rogers 1936:26, 34); Yuman II, III (Rogers 1945:188); Patayan II, III (Waters 1982:282) |
| - | Tipai (Hohenthal 2001:169); Yuman I (Rogers 1945:188); Patayan I (Waters 1982:282) |
Manufacturing Methods
(Traits taken as general throughout the region and throughout prehistory include use of a metate or mortar to grind clay, construction of large vessels with coils, and shaping with a paddle and anvil.)
| Method | Distribution | |
| manufactured in private | + | Southern Diegueño, Quechan (Rogers 1936:5, 31) |
| - | Tipai (Hohenthal 2001:171); Santa Catarina (Fenenga and Heredia 1995:3) | |
| basket used as a base or anvil | + | Southern Diegueño, Kamia (Rogers 1936:8, 10, 25, 42); Tipai (Hohenthal 2001:169) |
| fired in an excavated pit | + | Kiliwa, Southern Diegueño, Northern Diegueño, Quechan [sometimes] (Rogers 1936:14, 31, 42, 48); Desert Diegueño, Quechan (Drucker 1937:22); Paipai (Michelsen 1971:1); Cocopa (Kelly 1977:50); Ipai (Hedges 1986:47); Santa Catarina (Wilken 1987:22); Santa Catarina (Fenenga and Heredia 1995:5); Tipai (Hohenthal 2001:171) |
| pit lined with stones | + | Southern Diegueño, Quechan (Rogers 1936:14, 31); Santa Catarina (Fenenga and Heredia 1995:5) |
| pit reused | + | Southern Diegueño (Rogers 1936:14); Santa Catarina (Fenenga and Heredia 1995:5) |
References Cited
Drucker, Philip. 1937. Culture Element Distributions: V Southern California. Anthropological Records 1:1-52. University of California, Berkeley.
------. 1941. Culture Element Distributions: XVII Yuman-Piman. Anthropological Records 6:91-230. University of California, Berkeley.
DuBois, Constance Goddard. 1908. The Religion of the Luiseño Indians of Southern California. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8:69-186. Berkeley.
Fenenga, Gerrit L., and Verenice Y. Heredia. 1995. Pai Pai Ethnoarchaeology: Some Implications for California Archaeology. Paper presented at the Society for California Archaeology southern data-sharing meetings, Los Angeles.
Gifford, E. W. 1931. The Kamia of Imperial Valley. Bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology No. 97. Washington, D.C.
------. 1933. The Cocopa. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31:257-334. Berkeley.
Goddard, Ives. 1996. Languages. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 10. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
Hedges, Ken. 1986. Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany. Ethnic Technology Notes No. 20. San Diego Museum of Man, San Diego.
Hohenthal, William D., Jr. 2001. Tipai Ethnographic Notes: A Baja California Indian Community at Mid Century. Ballena Press Anthropological Papers No. 48. Menlo Park, California.
Kelly, William H. 1977. Cocopa Ethnography. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona No. 29. Tucson.
Kroeber, A. L. 1925. Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 78. Washington, D.C.
Meigs, Peveril, III. 1939. The Kiliwa Indians of Lower California. Iberoamericana No. 15. Berkeley.
Michelsen, Ralph C. 1971. Petra Makes Paddle and Anvil Pottery. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 7(1):1.
Rogers, Malcolm J. 1936. Yuman Pottery Making. San Diego Museum Papers No. 2. San Diego.
------. 1945. An Outline of Yuman Prehistory. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 1:167-198.
Spier, Leslie. 1923. Southern Diegueño Customs. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 20:295-358. Berkeley.
Treganza, Adan E. 1942. An Archaeological Reconnaissance of Northeastern Baja Califoria and Southeastern California. American Antiquity 8:152-163.
Waters, Michael R. 1982. The Lowland Patayan Ceramic Tradition. In: Hohokam and Patayan: Prehistory of Southwestern Arizona, edited by Randall H. McGuire and Michael B. Schiffer, pp. 275-297. Academic Press, New York.
Wilken, Michael. 1987. The Paipai Potters of Baja California: A Living Tradition. The Masterkey 60:18-26.
Proposed Typologies
Ceramic types have been proposed on the basis of a single attribute, a small set of attributes, or an intuitively grouped larger set of attributes. Characteristics included in these tables are those that appear to have been considered as defining ones and that will be identifiable archaeologically. Because type definitions have rarely been rigorous, considerable subjective judgment is involved in selecting these characteristics. Researchers will want to refer to the original publications for additional information.
Included here are only the types that have been proposed as being represented within the ethnographic territories of groups represented in Baja California, including the Kiliwa, Paipai, Kumeyaay, Cocopa, and Quechan.
Malcolm J. Rogers
According to Michael R. Waters (1982a:277), "Rogers' first 'working pottery typology was established sometime prior to 1945 and consisted of 58 types for the Colorado River valley and an unknown number of types for the peripheral desert region....By 1945 Rogers had reductred the number of types for the Colorado River valley to 45; there were 17 types for the Gila River and Colorado Desert....[he] planned to reduce that number even further, expecting 'to get down to 30 for the Colorado River Valley before puclishing, by presenting many as regional variations of the same period.'"
Albert H. Schroeder, Ronald V. May, and Waters all subsequently developed typologies that were based in part on Rogers' notes and his collections. However, they differed markedly in the ways they used the materials and in the interpretations they proposed.
Gena R. Van Camp (1979:81-86) published some of Rogers' unfinished notes on ceramic types, as summarized below. The degree of detail offered in th notes on different types varied widely.
| Type | Selected Attributes | Distribution |
| San Diego Brown | brown to reddish brown; residual clay; no temper; inclusions (75-80%) are feldspar, biotite, hornblende | post La Jolla II; northwest corner of Baja California and western San Diego County |
| San Felipe Brown | brick red to tan; unoxidized core is bluish-gray to dark drab; residual clay; no temper; inclusions (50-60%) are feldspar (25-35%), mica (20-30%) | post A.D. 1500; eastern base of the Sierra San Pedro Mártir and adjacent areas east and west |
| Hakum Brown | inclusions (65%) are feldspar (50%), mica (5-10%) | vicinity of Jacumba |
| Sentenac Brown | inclusions (45-65%) are feldspar, mica (10-30%), horneblende | central San Diego County |
| Piñon Brown | inclusions (70%) are feldspar (30%), mica (40%) | around Pinyon Mountains in east-central San Diego County |
| Salton Brown | inclusions (70-75%) are feldspar (65%), mica (5-10%) | Lake Cahuilla area |
| Carrizo Buff I | inclusions (15-40%) are barite, mica; types include Carrizo Red-on-buff I and Carrizo Stucco I | west side of Lake Cahuilla |
| Carrizo Buff II | fewer inclusions than Carrizo Buff I; types include Carrizo Red-on-buff II and Carrizo Stucco II | west side of Lake Cahuilla |
| Salton Buff | inclusions are feldspar, some Anodonta shell; types include Salton Stucco | east side of Lake Cahuilla |
| Vallecito Buff | -- | Vallecito Creek area in San Diego County |
Albert H. Schroeder
Schroeder's (1958) typology was developed in part on the basis of a reexamination of Rogers' collections and notes. Waters (1982:278-280) strongly objected to the way Schroeder intrepreted Rogers' materials, citing criticisms from Rogers himself. Types well outside of the Baja California borderlands and not listed below include Gila Bend Plain, Gila Bend Stucco, Gila Bend Beige, Gila Bend Red, Black Mesa Red, Black Mesa Polychrome, Topoc Buff, Palomas Buff, Palomas Stucco, and Pyramid Gray.
| Type | Inclusions | Chronological Range | Geographical Range |
| Parker Buff | moderate to abundant quartz, hornblende, feldspar, mica; types include Parker Red-on-buff, Parker Black-on-red, Parker Stucco | pre A.D. 900 - 1150 | on the Colorado River, from Needles to Ehrenberg and sporadically farther south |
| Colorado Beige | medium to abundant quartz, hornblende, feldspar, mica; types include Colorado Red-on-beige, Colorado Red | post A.D. 1150 - historic | on the Colorado River from the Bill William River to the Colorado River Indian Reservation |
| Tumco Buff | scarce sherds, quartz; types include Tumco Red-on-buff, Tumco Stucco | pre-A.D. 900 - post-1400 | on the Colorado River from the Colorado River Indian Reservation to the delta |
| Topoc Buff | scarce to abundant sand; types include Topoc Red-on-buff, Topoc Fugitive Red, Topoc Stucco | post A.D. 1150 - ? | on the Colorado River from Needles to Ehrenberg |
| Needles Buff | abundant rounded sherds, quartz; types include Needles Red-on-buff, Needles Stucco, Needles Beige, Needles Red-on-beige, Needles Red, and Needles Black-on-red | A.D. 1150 - ? | on the Colorado River from the Colorado River Indian Reservation to Yuma |
Ronald V. May
May's (1978) classification included additional types not listed below, associated with the ethnographic territories of the Luiseño (San Luis Rey Brown), Cahuilla (Coachella Brown, Cahuilla Buff, Ocotillo Buff), and Seri (Seri Brown), as well as the Mohave Desert (Cronese Brown, Crucero Brown, Panamint Brown) and Owens Valley (Sierra Brown).
| Type | Selected Attributes | Geographical Range |
| San Diego Brown I | inclusions are crushed white and smoky quartz, opaque feldspar, subangular sands, muscovite; types include San Diego Red-on-brown | peninsular ranges, including Sierra Juárez; San Diego Red-on-brown is suspected to be post-contact |
| San Diego Brown II | inclusions are crushed opaque quartz, feldspar, occasional mica | peninsular ranges |
| Palomar Brown | inclusions are crushed angular white quartz, subangular white sand, 10-30% mica | peninsular ranges, including Sierra Juárez |
| Hakum Brown | inclusions are subangular to rounded white quartz and feldspar sand, muscovite, traces of biotite | eastern margins of Sierra Juárez, foothills west of Laguna Macuata |
| Sentenac Brown | inclusions are fine sand, mostly hornblende, crushed tourmaline, and biotite, with occasional red ochre, clay, shell | eastern slopes of Laguna Mountains in southeast San Diego County |
| Pine Valley Red | yellowish-red core; inclusions are fine to medium quartz and white feldspar sand, traces of dark sand, muscovite, hematite | peninsular ranges, including Sierra Juárez |
| Pine Valley Gray | gray core; inclusions are fien angular quartz and feldspar sand, traces of mica and dark sand | Laguna Mountains and northern Sierra Juárez |
| San Felipe Brown | inclusions (up to 30%) are fine muscovite, white feldspar | eastern base of Sierra San Pedro Mártir south to Matomí, on Gulf coast |
| Salton Brown | inclusions are fine to medium rounded and angular white quartz and sand that includes hornblende, biotite, tourmaline, hematite, red feldspar, traces of shell and muscovite | western margin of Lake Cahuilla basin |
| Salton Buff | inclusions are coarse subangular to freshly crushed angular white quartz sand; types include Salton Red-on-buff | Lake Cahuilla basin, Chocolate Mountains, Sierra Cucapá |
| Carrizo Buff | inclusions (sparse) are extremely fine flecks of mica and sand; types include Carrizo Red-on-buff, Carrizo Stucco | eastern margin of peninsular ranges, southwestern shore of Lake Cahuilla |
| Vallecitos Buff | inclusions are very fine white and gray quartz, muscovite; types include Vallecitos Red-on-buff | eastern margin of peninsular ranges, western shore of Lake Cahuilla |
Gena R. Van Camp
Van Camp (1979:70) proposed a "typology" that is essentially a simple attribute key, based on ethnographic area of occurrence, surface color, and decoration or alteration. The proposed type names express these attributes: "Kumeyaay Brown Plain," "Kumeyaay Brown Incised," etc.
| Territory | Surface Color | Decorations |
| Kumeyaay | brown | plain; incised; painted; appliquéd; punctated |
| buff | plain; incised; painted; stuccoes; appliquéd; punctated; paddle-striated; fluted; banded; effigy | |
| Northern Diegueño | brown | plain; incised |
| Paipai | brown | plain; painted; red-washed |
| Kiliwa | brown | plain; red-washed |
Michael R. Waters
All of Waters' (1982a, 1982b) types except Colorado Red also include varieties with painted red designs; i.e., "Black Mesa Red-on-buff," etc. Waters' chronological periods were Patayan I, ca. A.D. 700-1000; Patayan II, A.D. 1000-1500; and Patayan III, after A.D. 1500. In addition to the types listed here, Waters distinguished two types, Topoc Buff and Palomas Buff, with ranges lying well outside of the Baja California borderlands.
| Type | Selected Attributes | Chronological Range | Geographical Range |
| Black Mesa Buff | direct rim; untempered; inclusions (very sparse) are quartz, feldspar, rock, shell | ca. A.D. 700 to 1000 | on the Colorado River from 50 km north of Yuma to the delta; Laguna Macuata |
| Colorado Beige | direct rim; inclusions (5-55%) are quartz, feldspar, rock, mica, shell; types include the red-slipped Colorado Red | ca. A.D. 700 to 1050 | on the Colorado River from north of Blythe to the Gila River; intrusive in the delta, on the eastern shore of Lake Cahuilla |
| Tumco Buff | recurved rim; untempered; inclusions (very sparse) are quartz, feldspar, rock, shell | ca. A.D. 1000 to 1500 | on the Colorado River from Blythe to the delta; intrusive west of Laguna Macuata |
| Salton Buff | recurved rim; inclusions (15-50%) are well-rounded quartz, feldspar, cryptocrystalline silica, shell | ca. A.D. 950 to 1500 | on the shores of Lake Cahuilla; intrusive on the Colorado River |
| Parker Buff | recurved rim; inclusions (medium to abundant) are feldspar, quartz, hornblende | ca. A.D. 1000 to post-1900 | on the Colorado River from the Bill William River to Yuma |
| Colorado Buff | recurved rim; inclusions (1-10%) are quartz, feldspar, shell | ca. A.D. 1500 to post-1900 | on the Colorado River from Nevada to the delta and into the California deserts; intrusive as far west as San Diego |
John A. Hildebrand, G. Timothy Gross, Jerry Schaefer, and Hector Neff
Hildebrand and his associates (2002) proposed basic distinctions at the ware level between Lower Colorado Buffware, Salton Brownware, and Tizon Brownware, based on characteristics of mineral inclusions and chemistry. They also distinguished three chemical types within the two sedimentary desert wares (Lower Colorado and Salton) and two chemical types within Tizon Brownware.
| Ware | Average Inclusions Reported in Samples | Area of Manufacture |
| Lower Colorado Buff | (highly variable, not specified) | Colorado Desert |
| Salton Brown | inclusions (65-73% of paste) are quartz (60-62%), plagioclase (10-12%), biotite (9-20%), muscovite (5-6%), amphibole (2-5%), rock (2-5)%, traces of calcite and chlorite | Colorado Desert |
| Tizon Brown | inclusions (61-63% of paste) are quartz (48-54%), plagioclase (17-23%), biotite (3-5%), muscovite (1%), amphibole (13-27%), rock (1%), traces of clinopyroxene and tourmaline | Peninsular Ranges |
References Cited
Hildebrand, John A., G. Timothy Gross, Jerry Schaefer, and Hector Neff. 2002. Patayan Ceramic Variability: Using Trace Elements and Petrographic Analysis to Study Brown and Buff Wares in Southern California. In: Ceramic Production and Circulation in the Greater Southwest: Source Determination by INAA and Complementary Mineralogical Investigations, edited by Donna M. Glowacki and Hector Neff, pp. 121-139. University of California, Los Angeles.
May, Ronald V. 1978. A Southern California Indigenous Ceramic Typology: A Contribution to Malcolm J. Rogers Research. Journal of the Archaeological Survey Association of Southern California 2(2).
Schroeder, Albert H. 1958. Lower Colorado Buff Ware: A Descriptive Revision. In: Pottery Types of the Southwest, edited by Harold S. Colton. Museum of Northern Arizona Ceramic Series 3D. Flagstaff.
Van Camp, Gena R. 1979. Kumeyaay Pottery: Paddle-and-Anvil Techniques of Southern California. Ballena Press Anthropological Papers No. 15. Socorro, New Mexico.
Waters, Michael R. 1982a. The Lowland Patayan Ceramic Tradition. In: Hohokam and Patayan: Prehistory of Southwestern Arizona, edited by Randall H. McGuire and Michael B. Schiffer, pp. 275-297. Academic Press, New York.
------. 1982b. The Lowland Patayan Ceramic Typology. In: Hohokam and Patayan: Prehistory of Southwestern Arizona, edited by Randall H. McGuire and Michael B. Schiffer, pp. 537-570. Academic Press, New York.