Etnobiología

These databases summarize information concerning aboriginal uses of the peninsula’s plant and animal resources. They are intended primarily as bibliographic guides; researchers should seek fuller information on the procurement, processing, use, and archaeological occurrence of the resources in the references that are cited. Non-native species and strictly post-contact practices have been excluded, in so far as they have been recognized. Some of the identifications of plant and animal species are likely to be incorrect. The information collected here is necessarily an incomplete work-in-progress. If users will submit corrections and additions to these databases to the webpage editors, it will be greatly appreciated.

The main sequence of entries is arranged alphabetically by the species’ scientific name. (Scientific names are based on terms rated as valid by the Integrated Taxonomic Information System; in some cases, these differ from the terms that were used in the original sources.) A second listing includes species for which only the common name is not known, or which are identified only in taxa above the generic level; these are arranged alphabetically by the taxon’s English or Spanish common name. A third listing includes species identified only by a native name. Each entry may potentially include (a) the scientific name; (b) the English and Spanish common names; (c) the names in the various native languages of Baja California; (d) reported aboriginal practices in the procurement, processing, and use of the resource, for each ethnic group and for Baja California in general; (e) the general regions within which archaeological occurrences of the resource have been reported; and (f) reference citations. The information in (d) and (e) is given in English.

(Spelling of native words has generally followed the orthographies used in the sources, even though those are inconsistent among themselves. Because of the limitations of the Worldwide Web’s HTML format, the spellings used here have had to be simplified, and they may not accurately reflect the original records. Linguists and others concerned with precise phonology should refer to the original sources.)

Mammals

(Updated September 16, 2012)

Antilocapra americana - pronghorn antelope, berrenda; ammo-gokio, ammogokió (Cochimí); xpar (Kiliwa); mo'ul, mu:úl (Paipai); m'u:l (Cocopa); kuwak hantil ("wild meat"), kamuL (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- hunted with bow and arrow or by being run down; skin is used in woman's clothing (Aschmann 1966:36; Barco 1973:13; Clavijero 1937:80; Longinos 1961:34; Venegas 1943(1):52)
    • Kiliwa -- caught in a pitfall; eaten (Meigs 1939:24, 26)
    • Kumeyaay -- eaten (Gifford 1931:68, 81; Hohenthal 2001:145, 147)

 

Arctocephalus townsendi - Guadalupe fur seal, lobo-fino de Guadalupe

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:81)

 

Bassariscus astutus - ringtail, cacomixtle norteño

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:294; Hyland 1997:323)

 

Canis familiaris - dog, perro; 'that (Kiliwa); xat' (Paipai); aha:l, aha:l kecak, aha:l cukucek, jat (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- eaten (Clavijero 1937:93)
    • Cocopa -- eaten (Gifford 1933:269)
    • Kumeyaay -- domesticated; used to flush deer, quail, rabbits (Gifford 1931:47; Hohenthal 2001:133, 141; Meigs 1972:37)

 

Canis latrans - coyote; xtpa, txpa, xatcpa, hatspa (Cocopa); kwsan, mlti', milti'i (Kiliwa); xatepa, xutepa, xaspa (Kumeyaay); kesár, esel (Paipai)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- skin is eaten (Aschmann 1966:90)
    • Paipai -- not eaten (Gifford and Lowie 1928:352; Hohenthal 2001:321)
    • Cocopa -- not eaten; skin is used for a quiver (Gifford 1933:274-275; Kelly 1977:118, 131)
    • Kumeyaay -- not good to eat, not eaten (Gifford 1931:14, 76; Hohenthal 2001:147)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 1995a:7; Rosales and Fujita 2000:121-122, 153, 160)
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2006c:148, 2008b:64)

 

Canis lupus - gray wolf, lobo gris; thatkil (Kiliwa); xateku:l (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- not eaten (Hohenthal 2001:147)

 

Castor sp. - beaver, castor; kpiny (Cocopa); pily (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- shot with bow and arrow; skin is used for woman's clothing (Clavijero 1937:97; Venegas 1943(2):274-275)
    • Kumeyaay -- dug out and killed with a digging stick (Gifford 1931:27, 43)

 

Chaetodipus penicillatus - desert pocket mouse, rata canguro; 'awá: wa:lí:š (Cocopa)

Didelphis virginianus - Virginia opossum, tlacuache norteñ:o;

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- eaten (Shipek 1991:30)

 

Dipodomys sp. - kangaroo rat, rata-canguro.

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- caught in a deadfall (Hedges 1986:46)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2006c:148, 2008b:64)

 

Enhydra lutris - sea otter, nutria marina

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- hunted to get skin for a cape or cloak (Aschmann 1966:39-41; Barco 1973:187; Burrus 1967:48; Sales 1956:19-21)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2006c:148, 2008b:64)
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2006a:159, 2010c:136)

 

Eptesicus fuscus - big brown bat, murciélago moreno; xmcaw (Kiliwa)

Glaucomys sabrinus - northern flying squirrel, ardilla volador; xmhiir (Kiliwa)

Lepus californicus - black-tailed jackrabbit, hare, liebre cola negra; k'uly (Cocopa); 'x'ilu (Kiliwa); kul (Paipai); kwiñao, minyau (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- hunted with a net, bow and arrow, throwing stick; eaten; skin is cut in strips, twisted, dried, tied to form a cloak, woman's clothing, pelt is used in carrying babies (Aschmann 1966:54, 61, 77; Barco 1973:14, 187, 202, 205; Burrus 1966:87, 1984:86; Ortega 1944:418; Venegas 1943(1):52, 78)
    • Kiliwa -- driven into a circle or net, killed with a club, throwing stick, bow and arrow; bone is ground, eaten (Meigs 1939:23)
    • Cocopa -- driven (Kelly 1977:44)
    • Kumeyaay -- hunted by a group, driven with fire into a net, killed with a throwing stick, crooked stick, or bow and arrow; eaten; skin is cut in strips, woven into a blanket (Gifford 1931:26, 54; Hedges 1986:46; Hohenthal 2001:145, 147; Meigs 1972:36-37; Michelsen 1970b:42; Smith 1971:36; Spier 1923:335, 337, 346-347, 350, 353)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 1995a:7, 2006a:92; Molto et al. 2007:86; Rosales and Fujita 2000:121-123, 153, 160)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:294; Hyland 1997:323)
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2006c:148, 2008b:64)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Gruhn and Bryan 2007:5; Ritter 1997)
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Gruhn and Bryan 2008:127)
    • Northern Sierras (Guía and Oviedo 2008:170-171)

 

Lynx rufus - bobcat, lince americano; chimbí (Cochimí); nimi matuyák (Paipai); nymi,(Cocopa); ñimi, ñimi hantil, nyimet (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- eaten (Clavijero 1937:74, 93)
    • Kumeyaay -- not eaten; skin is used for a quiver (Gifford 1931:29, 66; Hohenthal 2001:147)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1997)

 

Mephitis mephitis - striped skunk, zorrillo; yijú, iijú (Cochimí); kwckhuw, nmi'piytkwyaq (Kiliwa); lyxwi:w (Cocopa)

Mus musculus - house mouse, ratón doméstico; 'awá: (Cocopa)

Myotis sp. - bat, murciélago; pnwanu (Kiliwa)

Neotoma sp. - woodrat, packrat, rata; 'maql (Kiliwa); su:ny, 'amíly, amil (Cocopa); 'emallk (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- shot with bow and arrow, nest is set on fire, animal is clubbed; eaten (Castetter and Bell 1951:217; Kelly 1977:45)
    • Kumeyaay -- caught in a deadfall, nest is probed with a long stick, shot with bow and arrow; eaten (Hedges 1986:46; Hohenthal 2001:145; Michelsen 1970b:44; Shipek 1991:30; Spier 1923:335-336)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:588; Ritter and Schulz 1975:50)
    • Bahí de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1997)
    • Northern Sierras (Guía and Oviedo 2008:170)

 

Neotoma lepida - desert woodrat, rata del desierto

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002::294Hyland 1997:323)

 

Odocoileus hemionus - mule deer, venado bura; xaqpiyltkwyaq, ahaka (Kiliwa); kwa:k matuyák, akwak (Paipai); kwak, kwak, akwak (Cocopa); kuwak ("meat"), akwak, kwak, 'ekwak (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- driven with fire, decoyed, shot with bow and arrow; skinned, gutted, eaten, liver and other organs are put in the paunch, roasted, intestine is roasted, bone is ground, eaten; sinew is used, hide is used for footwear, woman's clothing, pad for head strap; tendon and intestine are used for bow string, tendon is used to bind arrow foreshaft, hoof is strung and worn at the waist by a shaman (Aschmann 1966:42, 54, 59-60, 77-79, 95; Baegert 1952:62, 1982:124, 138; Barco 1973:13-14, 123, 187, 194, 201, 205-206; Burrus 1966:63, 1984:86; Clavijero 1937:97-114, 257; Longinos 1961:34; Ortega 1944:417; Sales 1956:27; Venegas 1943(1):52, 78, 95)
    • Pericú -- eaten; skin is used for woman's clothing, hoof is worn, sinew is used for bow string (Andrews 1979:37, 67, 91, 98-99)
    • Kiliwa -- tracked, stalked with a decoy, shot with bow and arrow, caught in pitfall, run down and clubbed during summer; meat is dried and stored; hide is used as a sleeping mat, for a woman's skirt; hoof is used for a rattle (Hohenthal 2001:333; Meigs 1939:24, 26, 30, 32, 34-35, 45)
    • Paipai -- hunted, flushed into traps; hide is used for a breechclout, mourning effigy; tail is worn in a shaman's headdress, hoof is hung on a shaman's belt (Gifford and Lowie 1928:352; Hohenthal 2001:323)
    • Cocopa -- hunted with bow and arrow, run down by a group of hunters, caught in a corral; hide is processed by sun-drying, soaking and rubbing to remove hair; skin is used for sandal, wrist guard, bag, quiver, shield; hoof is used as a rattle, sinew is used for bow string, brain and rib are used in processing hides (Castetter and Bell 1951:215; Gifford 1933:261, 269, 273, 275-277; Kelly 1977:41, 52-53, 55, 57, 90, 92, 131; Kniffen 1931:55)
    • Kumeyaay -- flushed into ambush or run down, shot with bow and arrow; butchered with a stone knife, skin is stretched, scraped with a stone tool; eaten; sinew from along backbone is rolled and twisted to make a bow string; sinew is used to fasten an arrow point; hide is worked to make it soft and flexible, tanned with brain and mescal, dyed, used for a woman's rear garment, sandal, quiver, wrist guard, shield, pouch for pigments; ulna section is ground and polished for an awl to make baskets and pierce ears, splinter of leg bone is used to tattoo, hoof is used for a rattle (Almstedt 1968:1-5; Davis 1919:14, 22, 32; Gifford 1931:27-30, 35-37, 44, 54, 68; Hedges 1986:46; Hohenthal 2001:142-144, 147, 164, 218, 263, 269-270; Meigs 1972:37; Michelsen 1970b:42, 44-45; Shipek 1991:30, 37, 56, 70; Spier 1923:336, 340, 346, 349, 353)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (awls, scraping tools, skin for burial wrapping) (Carmean and Molto 1991:27; Fujita 1995a:7, 2006a:92, 95, 97; Fujita and Poyatos 1998:81; Rosales and Fujita 2000:121-122, 153, 160; Stewart et al. 1998:3)
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:353, 388, 588; Ritter and Schulz 1975:50)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:291, 294; Hyland 1997:163, 320, 323; Meighan 1966:320)
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2006a:159, 163, 2010:89, 129, 151, 153)
    • Northern Sierras (Guía and Oviedo 2008:170)

 

Ovis canadensis - bighorn sheep, borrego cimarrón; tayé, tajé (Monqui); 'muw (Kiliwa); emú (Paipai); mu lyayák (Cocopa); emux, emmu, emmu, amú, amuh, hantil (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- eaten; hide is used (Aschmann 1966:55; Barco 1973:13; Clavijero 1937:81; Venegas 1943(1):51, (2):240)
    • Kiliwa -- shot with bow and arrow; eaten; horn is used for a fishhook (Meigs 1939:28, 30)
    • Paipai -- hunted; skin is traded to the Cocopa (Gifford 1933:261; Kniffen 1931:53)
    • Cocopa -- hunted (Castetter and Bell 1951:215; Gifford 1933:261)
    • Kumeyaay -- hunted; butchered, eaten (Gifford 1931:27, 66-68, 81; Hohenthal 2001:147; Spier 1923:319, 337, 358)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (metapodial as awl) (Ritter 1979:349-351, 388, 2006b:103, 2008a:27)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1979:1995b)

 

Perognathus sp. - pocket mouse, ratón; tkaan (Kiliwa)

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:294; Hyland 1997:323

 

Peromyscus sp. - white-footed mouse

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:588; Ritter and Schulz 1975:50)

 

Phoca vitulina - harbor seal, foca común

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2006c:148, 2008b:64)

 

Phocoena phocoena - harbor porpoise

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:588; Ritter and Schulz 1975:50)

 

Pipistrellus hesperus - western pipistrelle bat, pipistrelle del oeste; kwalynya'í: (Cocopa)

Procyon lotor - raccoon, mapache; nymas (Cocopa); salkwppay ("leaning hands") (Kiliwa); mahwa matuyák (Paipai); nemas, nemes (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- eaten (Hohenthal 2001:147; Shipek 1991:30)

 

Puma concolor - mountain lion, puma; chimbiká (Cochimí); nmt'ay (Kiliwa); imit (Paipai); nymca:, yimcá: (Cocopa); ñimitai ("big cat"), nyimet, hút-te-kulch (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- shot with bow and arrow; eaten (Barco 1973:17, 206; Clavijero 1937:79-80, 93, 99)
    • Kiliwa -- eaten (Meigs 1939:25)
    • Paipai -- not eaten (Hohenthal 2001:321)
    • Cocopa -- skin is used for a quiver (Kelly 1977:131)
    • Kumeyaay -- eaten as a delicacy (Gifford 1931:13-14; Hohenthal 2001:147)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:293-294; Hyland 1997:323)

 

Scapanus latimanus - western mole, topo; slkaamcaan (Kiliwa)

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 1995a:7)

 

Sciurus griseus - western gray squirrel, ardilla gris; xmaal (Kiliwa)

Spermophilus sp. - ground squirrel, ardilla; nway (Kiliwa); hamilt' (Paipai); hama:l (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- caught in a deadfall; meat is eaten (Hohenthal 2001:145, 147)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:294; Hyland 1997:323)

 

Spermophilus beecheyi - California ground squirrel, ardillón de California

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Northern Sierras (Guía and Oviedo 2008:170)

 

Spermophilus tereticaudus - roundtail ground squirrel, ardillón cola redonda; cí:iš (Cocopa)

Sylvilagus sp. - rabbit, conejo; 'pharu, xa'law (Kiliwa); pehár (Paipai); xly'a: (Cocopa); hexliau, kasau (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- hunted with a throwing stick; eaten; skin is cut in strips, twisted, dried, tied to form a cloak; pelt is used in carrying babies (Aschmann 1966:54, 61; Barco 1973:187, 202; Burrus 1966:87, 1967:48, 1984:86; Ortega 1944:418; Venegas 1943(1):52)
    • Kiliwa -- killed with a throwing stick, bow and arrow, or driven by fire and killed with a pole (Meigs 1939:23)
    • Cocopa -- shot with bow and arrow (Gifford 1933:269)
    • Kumeyaay -- decoyed with a squealing sound; killed with a throwing stick or bow and arrow; meat is eaten; skin is cut in strips, woven into a blanket (Gifford 1931:26; Hohenthal 2001:145, 147; Meigs 1972:36; Michelsen 1970b:42; Shipek 1991:30; Spier 1923:346-347)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 2006a:92; Rosales and Fujita 2000:160)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:294; Hyland 1997:323)
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2006c:148, 2008b:64)
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:81)
    • Northern Sierras (Guía and Oviedo 2008:170)

 

Sylvilagus bachmani - brush rabbit, conejo

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Rosales and Fujita 2000:122)

 

Taxidea taxus - badger, tejón; kayijit (Cochimí); mxwaa (Kiliwa); mxwa, nyimhwa (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- not eaten (Barco 1973:19, 206)
    • Cocopa -- claw is used in planting magic (Kelly 1977:38)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Carmean and Molto 1991:27; Stewart et al. 1998:3, 8)

 

Thomomys bottae - pocket gopher, tuza; slkaa (Kiliwa); kitú (Paipai); tkši (Cocopa); tekši: (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- shot with bow and arrow; eaten, or not eaten (Gifford 1931:26; Shipek 1991:56)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2006c:148, 2008b:64)

 

Thomomys umbrinus - southern pocket gopher, tuza mexicana

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Rosales and Fujita 2000:121-123)

 

Urocyon cinereoargenteus - gray fox, zorra gris; màtkawá (Cocopa)

Ursus americanus - black bear, oso negro; kwmaqn (Kiliwa); hamul (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- eaten (Hohenthal 2001:147)

 

Vulpes sp. - fox, zorra; parexau (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Pericú -- eaten (Andrews 1979:98)
    • Cochimí -- skin is used in woman's clothing (Venegas 1943(1):78)
    • Kumeyaay -- caught in a deadfall; not eaten (Hohenthal 2001:145, 147)

 

Vulpes macrotis - kit fox; pnxaaw (Kiliwa); matkawa, prxa:w (Cocopa)

Vulpes vulpes - red fox; pereha'u (Cocopa); madkawar, parhau (Kumeyaay)

Zalophus californianus - California sea lion, lobo marino californiano

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- naturally dead animal is eaten (Hohenthal 2001:146)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (tools) (Fujita 2008c:43; Rosales and Fujita 2000:123)
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:136)

 

COMMON NAME OR HIGHER TAXON ONLYbat, murciélago, Chiroptera; pnwanu (Kiliwa); kapánhkh (Paipai)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- roasted on coals, eaten (Aschmann 1966:79; Baegert 1952:66, 69, 1982:177, 203, 222)

 

dolphin, delfín, Delphinidae

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Pericú -- hunted from rafts (Andrews 1979:38)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 1995a:7, 2006a:86, 91-92, 2010b:26; Rosales nd Fujita 2000:46, 121-122, 153, 160)
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2005a:158-159)

 

mammal species: cogáu, cutól, jamsílk (Kiliwa)

mouse, ratoncito; 'way (Kiliwa); tekepánye (Paipai); iswaikamayel (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- roasted, fried, eaten (Baegert 1952:40, 66, 69, 1982:143, 222; Longinos 1961:26)
    • Kumeyaay -- caught in a deadfall; pounded, roasted, eaten (Gifford 1931:77; Shipek 1991:32-33; Spier 1923:338)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 1995a:7; Rosales and Fujita 2000:121-122, 153)

 

porpoise, marsopa, Phocoenidae; ha ši'atš (Cocopa)

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1997)

 

rabbit, conejo, Lagomorpha

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- killed with a stick; eaten (Longinos 1961:34; Sales 1956:27, 31)
    • Kiliwa -- killed with bow and arrow, throwing stick; caught in a trap; skin is used for a blanket (Meigs 1939:29, 32, 36)
    • Paipai - hunted with a throwing stick (Koerper et al. 1998:66-77)
    • Cocopa -- driven with fire, shot with bow and arrow; skin is used for a blanket, used to cover a house entrance (Castetter and Bell 1951:217; Gifford 1933:261, 276; Kelly 1977:47, 52, 56; Kniffen 1931:55)
    • Kumeyaay -- killed with a rabbit stick, caught in a deadfall; skinned, gutted, baked or boiled, bone is pulverized in a wooden mortar; boys eat eyes to become good hunters; skin is cut into strips, twisted, and woven into a blanket, cape; fur is used for the floor of a bird cage (Gifford 1931:20, 27, 33-34; Hohenthal 2001:145, 218; Koerper et al. 1998:66-77; Michelsen 1970b:45; Shipek 1991:27, 30, 35, 70; Spier 1923:308, 340)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2008a:54)

 

rat, ratón; u:weh (Paipai)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- fried, eaten (Aschmann 1966:63; Baegert 1952:40, 66, 1982:143; Barco 1973:21, 206; Bayle 1946:246; Sales 1956:27)
    • Cocopa -- eaten (Gifford 1933:269)
    • Kumeyaay -- hunted; caught in a deadfall; pounded, roasted; eaten, or not eaten (Hohenthal 2001:147; Shipek 1991:32-33; Spier 1923:337-338)

 

rodent, roedor, Rodentia. Variety: 'min (Kiliwa)

seal, foca, Phocidae; hap'elá (Paipai)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- hunted; skin is used in woman's clothing; pelt is worn to prevent a miscarriage (Barco 1973:21; Venegas 1943(1):78, (2):275)

 

sea lion, lobo marino, Otariidae

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 1995a:7; Rosales and Fujita 2000:121, 153, 160)

 

shrew, musaraña, Soricidae; smin (Kiliwa)

skunk, zorillo, Mephitidae; axwhéwo (Paipai); kwilyewiru, kalyiwiu ("stinks") (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- eaten as a delicacy (Hohenthal 2001:147)

 

squirrel, ardilla, Sciuridae

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- roasted, eaten; kept as a pet (Barco 1973:21, 206)
    • Pericú -- eaten (Andrews 1979:98).
    • Kumeyaay -- caught in a deadfall, shot with bow and arrow; not eaten (Gifford 1931:26; Spier 1923:338)

 

whale, ballena; paanaq (Kiliwa); pan:t' (Paipai); xàlš'á:t, hal kwicat (Cocopa); išpanuk (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- killed with harpoons; used for bow strings (Venegas 1943(2):275)
    • Kumeyaay -- meat from a naturally beached whale is boiled or roasted (Hohenthal 2001:146-147, 149)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 1995a:7; Rosales and Fujita 2000:121-122, 153, 160; Rosales et. al. 2007:77)
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2006c:148)

(Updated September 11, 2012)Agelaius phoeniceus - redwing blackbird, tordo sargento; sqway qlucá:w, sqway qlyucá:w, sqway qlyu:cá:w, sqway qlyucá:w, sqway qlucá:wq (Cocopa)

Aphelocoma ultramarina - gray-breasted jay, chara pecho gris; 'suul (Kiliwa)

Aquila chrysaetos - golden eagle, águila real; ti'payu (Kiliwa); ech-pah (Kumeyaay)

Asio otus - long-eared owl, búho cara café; 'huusuwaan (Kiliwa)

Athene cunicularia - burrowing owl; hu'yiwha'kwi'hi' (Kiliwa); màtknywáy (Cocopa)

Auriparus flaviceps - verdin, baloncillo; ksmany, kwsmany (Cocopa)

Bubo virginianus - great horned owl, búho cornudo; cu:pí:c, copit, kechupit (Cocopa); áú (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- feathers are used in ceremony (Gifford 1933:308, 312; Spier 1923:320-321)

 

Buteo sp. - western red-tailed hawk; xma pkwya:w (Cocopa); pkwalu (Kiliwa)

Buteo swainsoni - Swainson's hawk, aguililla de Swainson; kp'u:ny (Cocopa)

Callipepla californica - California quail, codorniz californiana; xmmil (Kiliwa)

Callipepla gambelii - Gambel's quail, codorniz chiquiri; xma'piyltkwayq (Kiliwa); xmàkuká:k, kuká:k (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- eaten (Gifford 1931:48)

 

Calypte costae - Costa's hummingbird, colibrí cabeze violeta; nyírnyír (Cocopa)

Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus - cactus wren, guitacoche; tinkil, ha'xqhaqkwkuus (Kiliwa); xálxál (Cocopa)

Caracara plancus - crested caracara, caracara quebrantahuesos

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:294; Hyland 1997:323)

 

Cardinalis cardinalis - northern cardinal, cardenal rojo; xlytiš 'axwát (Cocopa)

Cathartes aura - turkey vulture, zopilote aura; txaasii (Kiliwa); esê (Paipai); saiye (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- not eaten (Gifford 1931:48)

 

Catherpes mexicanus - canyon wren, chivirín barranqueño; hah-moo-koop (Kumeyaay)

Centurus uropygialis - Gila woodpecker; šc'u:ny (Cocopa); esun (Kumeyaay)

Charadrius vociferus - killdeer, chorlo tildío; crí:s (Cocopa)

Chordeiles acutipennis - lesser nighthawk, chotacabras menor; kru (Cocopa); cf. Phalaenoptilus nuttalli

Colaptes auratus - northern flicker, carpintero de pechera; kúk-ho, matkwo (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- feathers are used in ceremonial headband, shaman's wand, and on arrow (Gifford 1931:15, 59; Spier 1923:323)

 

Columbina passerina - ground dove, tórtola coquita; kuL (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- eaten (Gifford 1931:48)

 

Coragyps atratus - black vulture, zopilote común; 'sii (Kiliwa)

Corvus brachyrhynchos - American crow, cuervo americano; 'qhaaqpx'sir (Kiliwa); kak (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- feathers worn in hair (Gifford 1933:279)
    • Kumeyaay -- feathers are used to decorate stabbing pike (Gifford 1931:30, 48, 79)

 

Corvus corax - common raven, cuervo común; 'qhaaq, akak (Kiliwa); kašákh, kisak (Paipai); qa:q, akak, ka:k (Cocopa); kak, ahaq, xataí (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- not eaten; feathers are used in ceremony (Hohenthal 2001:147; Spier 1923:320-321)

 

Cyanocitta sp. - bluejay, chara; xmsut 'ukwá, xu:msút 'ukwá (Cocopa)

Eremophila alpestris - horned lark, alondra cornuda; twalu'iykwtaayu ("big-headed bird') (Kiliwa)

Falco sparverius - American kestrel, cernícalo americano; mspily (Cocopa)

Gallinago gallinago - common snipe, agachona común; qwli:c (Cocopa)

Gavia immer - common loon, colimbo mayor

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción (Ritter 1979:588; Ritter and Schulz 1975:50)
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2006c:148, 2008:64)

 

Gavia stellata - red-throated loon, colimbo menor

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción (Ritter 1979:588; Ritter and Schulz 1975:50)

 

Geococcyx californianus - greater roadrunner, correcaminos norteños; tlpi' (Kiliwa); clpu, celpu (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- Eaten, or not eaten; feathers are used in ceremonies (Gifford 1931:48, 59; Hedges 1986:46)

 

Glaucidium brasilianum - ferruginous pygmy owl, tecolote bajeño; snpapu (Kiliwa)

Grus canadensis - sandhill crane, grulla gris; wukhor (Cocopa); makulk (Kumeyaay)

Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus - piñon jay, chara piñonera; kwkhwaa, twalukwml'siwkhwiiw (Kiliwa)

Icterus cucullatus - hooded oriole, bolsero encapuchado; škxwas (Cocopa)

Lanius ludovicianus - loggerhead shrike, alcaudón verdugo; ya:pír (Cocopa)

Larus sp. - gull, gaviota; šmkw'a (Cocopa); kwriit, nuuq'mit, sepáicuchári, spa'ikwcaaqi ("shell dropper") (Kiliwa); taxpú (Paipai)

Meleagris gallopavo - wild turkey, guajolote norteño; oRuc (Cocopa)

Micrathene whitneyi - elf owl; kwswa:ny, kswa:ny (Cocopa); cf. Micropallas whitneyi

Micropallas whitneyi - elf owl; kwswa:ny, kswa:ny (Cocopa); cf. Micrathene whitneyi

Mimus polyglottos - northern mockingbird, centzontle norteño; sman, twaluha'pmcaw (Kiliwa); šàkwi:lá:, šakwila, eshakuila (Cocopa); sinsonte, išakwilao, cakwillaú, tuwilaú (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- kept in a cage as a pet; not eaten (Gifford 1931:48; Hohenthal 2001:133; Spier 1923:308)

 

Myiarchus cinerascens - ashthroated flycatcher, papamoscas cenizo; kpci:ly (Cocopa); cf. Tyrannus verticalis

Otus kennicottii - western screech owl, tecolote occidental; ckuk (Cocopa)

Parabuteo unicinctus - Harris' hawk, aguililla rojinegra; xminu (Kiliwa)

Pelicanus sp. - pelican; 'qhayu (Kiliwa); kewnyioe, kny'uy, kwnyu:y, kwineu'i (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- skin is used as a cloak (Aschmann 1966:60)
    • Pericú -- skin is used for women's clothing (Andrews 1979:37)
    • Cocopa -- leg bones are used as peon pieces (Gifford 1933:283, 305; Kelly 1977:123)
    • Kumeyaay -- feathers are used to decorate stabbing pikes, leg bones are used as peon pieces (Gifford 1931:30, 46, 48)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Carmean and Molto 1991:27-28; Fujita 2006a:97; Fujita and Poyatos 1998:81)
    • Isla Cedros (Banks 1972a:22)
    • Bahía de los Angeles (Ritter 1997; Ritter et al. 1994:5)

 

Pelecanus occidentalis - brown pelican, pelícano pardo

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción (Ritter 1979:588; Ritter and Schulz 1975:50)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:294; Hyland 1997:323)
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2006c:148, 2008b:64)

 

Phalacrocorax sp. - cormorant, cormorán

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción (Ritter 1979:588; Ritter and Schulz 1974:50)

 

Phalaenoptilus nuttallii - common poorwill, tapacamino tevíi; kru (Cocopa); tow-lówk (Kumeyaay); cf. Chordeiles acutipennis

Picoides villosus - hairy woodpecker, carpintero velloso-mayor; kwxu'tit (Kiliwa)

Pipilo aberti - Abert's towhee, toquí enmascarado; xlytiš (Cocopa)

Piranga rubra - summer tanager, tángara roja; šàkwri:má (Cocopa); cf. Pyrocephalus rubinus

Podiceps caspicus - eared grebe, zambullidor

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:294; Hyland 1997:323)

 

Podilymbus podiceps - pied-billed grebe, zambullidor pico grueso; qwa:qúl, kwa:kúl, kwaqú:r (Cocopa); cf. red-cheeked heron

Progne subis - purple martin, golondrina azulnegra; xmka (Cocopa)

Pyrocephalus rubinus - vermilion flycatcher, mosquero cardenal; šàkwri:má (Cocopa); cf. Piranga rubra

Scardafella inca - Inca dove; lku:'axwát (Cocopa)

Sturnella neglecta - western meadowlark, pradero occidental; lxa:ksí:t, xa:ksí:t (Cocopa); petLatk (Kumeyaay)

Toxostoma curvirostre - curve-billed thrasher, cuitlacoche pico curvo; xlytiš k'u:k (Cocopa)

Toxostoma redivivum - California thrasher, cuitlacoche californiano; twaluha'xphaqkwkuus (Kiliwa)

Tyrannus sp. - kingbird, tirano; kpci:ly (Cocopa); chech-én (Kumeyaay)

Tyto alba - common barn owl, lechuza de campanario; 'huu, psaak (Kiliwa)

Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus - yellow-headed blackbird; sqway caxá:r (Cocopa)

Zenaida asiatica - white-winged dove, paloma ala blanca; lku:ku:'á (Cocopa)

Zenaida macroura - western mourning dove, paloma huilota; xw' (Kiliwa); li:kú:, lku:, lku: capay, lku: kwapá (Cocopa); kiyaskwi (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony: Kumeyaay -- not eaten (Gifford 1931:48)

 

Zonotrichia leucophrys - white-crowned sparrow, gorrión corona blanca; nymkur sa:xwá:k, kur sa:xwá:k (Cocopa)

COMMON NAME OR HIGHER TAXON ONLYbird, pájaro; ša (Cocopa); twalu (Kiliwa). Bird species: císcís, kwcam, kwicum xmamúly, ša' limeš, cimkwira, han miši:p, celkilkel, homomul, hamkwail, ha kwis, ša celapu, kwicem, mas (Cocopa); chimkál, iyxta'kn'aap, kusaul, kwkhwaq, miñiscuíspí, mnykwspi', pankwkwa, semán, sa'hlkus, sa'kwkwaa, sá'temú, sa'tmuw, sa'x'lthis, sa'xma', tma', tokwil, twaluha'kwpmcaw, twaluha'kwxphaqkwkuus ("long-beaked bird"), twalutkwhiiyp ("devil bird"), 'uha'kwnykwwaayu ("rock nester"), xta'ciinkwpnaq ("reed around neck"), ''yaawha'ltwalu (Kiliwa); hanuchip, kwasaman, miutkwa, aku, akoit', tiñakum (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- roasted, eaten; feathers are used in ornaments (Aschmann 1966:59; Baegert 1952:67; Mathes 2006a:48)
    • Pericú -- shot with bow and arrow; skins used in capes (Andrews 1979:40)
    • Cocopa -- caught with box traps and traps of string loops with bent sticks, eggs harvested in June-August (Castetter and Bell 1951:216; Gifford 1933:269; Kelly 1977:24, 45, 52)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Rosales and Fujita 2000:121, 123, 160)
    • Bahía de los Angeles area (Ritter 1997)

 

blackbird, toti; sqway, sokhwe (Cocopa). Blackbird species: sqway wi: (Cocopa)

dove, paloma, Columbidae; hauwih (Kiliwa); kuwiv (Paipai); ilaku (Cocopa); kalyaswi, kurwui, tikemu (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- not eaten (Kelly 1977:46)
    • Kumeyaay -- eaten (Hohenthal 2001:147)

 

duck, pato; nyimí: (Cocopa). Duck species: twaluxa'kwpaat (Kiliwa); ša nyiyá lypalá:p, šà:xá:ny, ša 'axá:ny (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- hunted with bow and arrow; baked on coals (Gifford 1933:269; Kelly 1977:44-45, 52; Kniffen 1931:55)
    • Kumeyaay -- shot with bow and arrow; eaten (Gifford 1931:26; Hohenthal 2001:147)

 

duck/goose, pato/ganso, Anatidae; kešá ha'lyák ("water bird") (Paipai)

eagle, águila; esa' (Paipai); ispa (Cocopa); ešpa, spá, 'ehpaa (Kumeyaay); ešá

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa -- feathers are worn on head (Meigs 1939:53)
    • Paipai -- young eagles are caught with nets, fed on deer and rabbit meat, killed and burned in mourning ceremonies (Bendímez 1989:36-37; Gifford and Lowie 1928:352)
    • Cocopa -- feathers are worn in hair, used in ceremonies (Gifford 1933:279, 308; Kelly 1977:54, 74, 76, 90)
    • Kumeyaay -- eyries are owned, eaglets are captured, kept in cages, fed, killed in a ceremony; adults are shot with bow and arrow; not killed except in mourning ceremony; feathers are worn in ceremonial skirt, headband; feathers are used in male mourning ceremony images (Davis 1919:17; Gifford 1931:47-50, 59; Hedges 1986b:46; Hohenthal 2001:147-148; Spier 1923:307-308, 324, 331)

 

egret, garceta, Ardeidae.

  • Ethnographic testimony: Cocopa -- feathers are worn in the hair (Kelly 1977:54(

 

game bird, pájaro de caza; ; xma lyayák (Cocopa)

goose, ganso; ya:lák (Cocopa); lalk (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- hunted with bow and arrow (Gifford 1933:269)
    • Kumeyaay -- hunted at night with flares and clubs, shot with bow and arrow (Gifford 1931:26; Hedges 1986:46; Spier 1923:329)

 

hawk, gavilán; ma:ly kwsaw, pikwály (Cocopa). Hawk species: šmkyu:l, šmkwyu:l, šemkwiyul, xu:mswí, seur, suuR, su'ur, bikwaL (Cocopa); cwiluhwaa, xc'uruha' (Kiliwa); kaviña, ku:ñ;'kwi'nyá, pek'wal, pElwáL, pukwa:l, sokwlnyEnák, tsaharptsü (Kumeyaay). Hawk or owl species: s'ur (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- feathers are worn, used to fletch arrows (Barco 1973:190, 194; Clavijero 1937:99; Venegas 1943(1):95)
    • Cocopa -- feathers used for fletching arrows, worn in hair (Gifford 1933:274, 279, 288, 297; Kelly 1977:118-119, 123, 128, 133)
    • Kumeyaay -- young are raised; not eaten; feathers are used to fletch arrows and in male mourning ceremony images (Davis 1919:17, 29; Gifford 1931:28; Hohenthal 2001:143, 147; Meigs 1972:36-37; Spier 1923:330, 352)

 

heron or egret, garza o garceta; xanymšáp (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- feathers are worn in the hair (Gifford 1933:279)

 

hummingbird, chuparrosa, Trochilidae; t'msuq (Kiliwa)

kingfisher, martin pescador, Alcedinedae; xanyšpá (Cocopa)

ocean bird species; šakwá:k (Cocopa)

owl, tecolote, Strigidae; iyú (Paipai); u'u (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- eaten (Baegert 1952:66)
    • Cocopa -- feathers are worn in the hair, used in ceremonies (Gifford 1933:279; Kelly 1977:90)
    • Kumeyaay -- shot with a bow and arrow, feathers are used in ceremonies and on shaman's wand, feathers are used in female mourning ceremony images (Davis 1919:17, 29; Gifford 1931:74; Spier 1923:318, 323)

quail, codorniz; xamá matuyák (Paipai); kuká:k (Cocopa); kahuma kakak (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa -- driven into nets (Meigs 1939:23-24)
    • Cocopa -- caught by hand or in trap (Gifford 1933:269; Kelly 1977:44)
    • Kumeyaay -- slowly driven toward net trap, shot with bow and arrow; eggs are eaten and used as bait in deadfall traps (Gifford 1931:26; Hohenthal 2001:146-147; Meigs 1972:39; Shipek 1991:70)

red-cheeked heron; qwa:qúl, kwa:kúl, kwaqú:r (Cocopa); (cf. pied-billed grebe.)

sandpiper, Scolopacidae

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2008b:64)

 

swallow, golondrina, Hirundinidae; pnwiitu (Kiliwa)

thrush, zorzal; twalusmilkw'siiyu ("yellow breast bird")

vulture, zopilote; esei (Paipai); šayí:, šayi (Cocopa); ša:i, ci'i (Kumeyaay). Varieties: šayi ha'a, šayi kwes, šayi ramas (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- feathers are used on shamans' sticks (Kelly 1977:75, 118, 125)
    • Kumeyaay -- not eaten, entire bird is boiled, pounded into a mush, and drunk as an extreme cure (Hohenthal 2001:147, 279; Spier 1923:319)

water bird species: ptam (Kiliwa); nykw'a, nyikwa'a, ša kálkál, šmkw'ul, šqiw, xanycták, xnyily (Cocopa)

woodpecker, carpintero; t'lphuu (Kiliwa). Variety: red-headed woodpecker; watho (Kumeyaay)

Anniella pulchra - California legless lizard, lagartija sin patas californiana; ny'waqulkwkhwap, tankhaa (Kiliwa)

Caretta caretta - loggerhead sea turtle, tortuga-marina caguama

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros(Des Lauriers 2010c:81, 113

 

Charina bottae - rubber boa; psiltaypa'kwhiy (Kiliwa)

Chelonia mydas - green sea turtle, tortuga marina verde

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- caught from a raft; eaten (Barco 1973:135; Clavijero 1937:66)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:588; Ritter and Schulz 1974:50)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:294; Hyland 1997:323)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Davis 1968:201; Ritter 1994b, 1997)

 

Coleonyx variegatus - western banded gecko, cuija occidental; kwanyúk pkwya:w (Cocopa)

Coluber constrictor - blue racer, culebra corredora constrictor; 'wi'h'luukwnyiir (Kiliwa)

Crotalus sp. - rattlesnake, víbora cascabel; 'wi'pnthit, awî (Kiliwa); l'ui, elwih (Paipai); 'awí, awih (Cocopa); awi pilcit (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- eaten (Aschmann 1966:63)
    • Kiliwa -- used in boys' initiation (Meigs 1939:49)
    • Cocopa -- gall bladder fluid is put on arrow points (Kelly 1977:52)
    • Kumeyaay -- boiled or roasted, eaten, skin is used to treat rheumatism, venom is used to poison war arrows (Hohenthal 2001:144, 157, 242, 274, 281; Spier 1923:353)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:294; Hyland 1997:323)

 

Crotalus cerastes - sidewinder, víbora cascabel cornuda; 'awìksár (Cocopa)

Crotalus ruber - red diamond rattlesnake, víbora cascabel colorada; 'wi'kwkwal (Kiliwa)

Crotophytus collaris - collared lizard, lagartija de collar; x'mchil (Kiliwa)

Ctenosaura sp. - spiny-tailed iguana

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1997)

 

Dermochelys sp. - leatherback turtle, tortuga marina laúd

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1995b)

 

Dermochelys coriacea - leatherback turtle, tortuga marina laúd

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1998:27)

 

Dipsosaurus dorsalis - desert iguana, iguana del desierto

  • Archaeological occurrence: Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:294; Hyland 1997:323)

 

Eumeces gilberti - Gilbert's skink, eslizón de Gilbert; ny'waqulkwkhwap (Kiliwa)

Gopherus sp. - tortoise

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1997)

 

Gopherus agassizii - desert tortoise; kpit (Cocopa); xnaal (Kiliwa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa -- shell used for rattle (Meigs 1939:45, 54-55, 60)

 

Heloderma suspectum - Gila monster, lagarto de Gila; xlkwaw (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- eaten; venom is used to poison arrows (Spier 1923:335, 353)

 

Hypsiglena torquata - night snake, culebra nocturna ojo de gato; 'wi'yaay (Kiliwa)

Lampropeltis getula - common king snake, culebra real común; 'wi'mnyiskwxwiitu', 'wi'mnyiskwxwiituu' ("baby's fishing line") (Kiliwa); cf. Micruroides euryxanthus

Micruroides euryxanthus - western coral snake, serpiente coralillo sonorense; 'wi'miykwsxwiituu' ("fisher with leg"), 'wi'mnyiskwxwiituu' ("snake the baby fished with") (Kiliwa); cf. Lampropeltis getula

Nerodia sp. - water snake, culebra de agua; xanykny'úr (Cocopa)

Phrynosoma coronatum - coast horned lizard, lagartija cornuda de litoral; kwmx'yaanp, kwx'yaanp (Kiliwa); cxyasm cxnyas (Cocopa); mesoix yana (Kumeyaay)

Pituophis sp. - gopher snake, cincuate; awiyuk (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- not eaten (Hohenthal 2001:157)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:294; Hyland 1997:323)

 

Salvadora sp. - patch-nosed snake

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:294; Hyland 1997:323)

 

Sauromalus sp. - chuckwalla

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:294; Hyland 1997:323)

 

Sauromalus obesus - chuckwalla; 'ma'yuwl'miin (Kiliwa); hamsul (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- eaten (Hohenthal 2001:157)

 

Sceloporus poinsetti - crevice spiny lizard; xmsilq (Kiliwa)

Trimorphodon biscutatus - Sonora lyre snake; 'awìkwáw (Cocopa)

COMMON NAME OR HIGHER TAXON ONLYfrog, rana, Anura; xanyá, hanya (Cocopa); x'nqhaatq (Kiliwa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- used in bewitching (Kelly 1977:75, 118)

 

lizard, lagarto; etol (Kiliwa); etl (Paipai); kacú:l, kwacú:l, kwachul, kwasl, han siil (Cocopa); ešakwal, xakwál (Kumeyaay). Varieties: kwraaw; kwtuul, 'maqluha'kwpaquq, mcay, spinkwha', 'wi'kwnhay ("snake's cousin"), xu'chiin (Kiliwa); xanys'íly (Cocopa); akwatl, hamsúl, ka:loke, 'ui'ko (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- fried, roasted on coals, eaten; kept as a pet (Aschmann 1966:63, 79; Baegert 1952:40, 66, 1982:143; Barco 1973:21, 206; Clavijero 1937:93; Longinos 1961:26; Sales 1956:27)
    • Kiliwa -- eaten (Meigs 1939:25)
    • Kumeyaay -- pounded, roasted, eaten (Gifford 1931:76; Shipek 1991:32-33; Spier 1923:332, 335)

 

newt, tritón

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- roasted on coals, eaten (Aschmann 1966:79)

 

snake, culebra; 'wi', 'matkwyaq ("lies on ground") (Kiliwa). Snake species: 'wi'yaay ("pale snake") (Kiliwa); 'awìnyír, 'awí yacá:c, 'wi'h'luukwx'ayu'p, 'wi'h'luuxa'lkwyaq, xnypu:k, yacá:c (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- fried, roasted, eaten; kept as a pet (Baegert 1952:40, 66, 69, 1982:136, 143, 177, 180, 222; Barco 1973:21, 206; Clavijero 1937:93; Longinos 1961:26; Sales 1956:27)
    • Kiliwa -- eaten (Meigs 1939:25)
    • Cocopa -- not eaten (Kelly 1977:26)
    • Kumeyaay -- driven with fire, eaten (Hohenthal 2001:157)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:588; Ritter and Schulz 1974:50)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1997)

 

toad, sapo

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- eaten (Baegert 1982:222)

 

turtle, tortuga; xnya:r, kapit (Cocopa); mexelkap, mexelkap ha'sil (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- caught from raft, eaten; bladder is used to carry water, shell is used as basket, bowl, cradle, roasting pan (Baegert 1952:23, 57, 63, 69, 74; Baegert 1982:124, 143, 154; Longinos 1961:27)
    • Kumeyaay -- caught on Gulf beaches laying eggs; roasted in shell, meat is eaten, egg is eaten as a delicacy; shell is used as a rattle (Davis 1919:22; Hohenthal 2001:148-149)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Carmean and Molto 1991:27; Fujita 1995a:7, 2006a:91, 2010b:20, 26; Rosales and Fujita 2000:121-123, 153, 160)
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2006c:148, 2008:64)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Davis 1968:204; Foster 1984:64; Ritter 1997, 1998a:17, 2006d:175; Ritter et al. 1994:5, 9)

(Updated June 7, 2016)Arothron sp. - puffer

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1997)

 

Atractoscion nobilis - white seabass, corvina cabaicucho

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2007c:148, 2008b:64)
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:153)

 

Bagre marinus - gafftopsail catfish

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:588; Ritter and Schulz 1974:50)

 

Balistes sp. - trigger fish

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1997)

 

Balistes polylepis - fine-scale trigger fish, coctito

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 2008c:43
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:588; Ritter and Schulz 1974:50)

 

Bodianus diplotaenia - Pacific hogfish

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1997)

 

Calamus brachysomus - Pacific porgy, pluma marotilla

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2006c:147-148)
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:146)
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2008b:63)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1997)

 

Carcharhinus leucas - bull shark, tiburón toro

  • Archaeological occurrence
    • Cape Region (Fujita 2008c:43)

 

Caulolatilus princeps - ocean whitefish, pierna

  • Archaeological occurrence
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:73, 77, 137, 146, 150, 153)

 

Cynoscion sp. - corvina

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Colorado Desert (Celis 2015)

 

Cynoscion orthonopterus - gulf corvina

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • San Felipe area (Laylander et al. 2016:36)

 

Cynoscion parvipinnis - shortfin corvina

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • San Felipe area (Celis 2015)

 

Diodon hystrix sp. - porcupinefish, pez erizo pecoso

  • Archaeological occurrence
    • Cape Region (Fujita 2008c:43)

 

Epinephelus sp. - cabrilla

  • Archaeological occurrence
    • Cape Region (Fujita 2006a:86, 2008c:43)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1997)

 

Euthynnus sp. - skipjack, bacoreta

  • Archaeological occurrence
    • Cape Region (Fujita 2006a:86, 2008c:43)

 

Euthynnus pelamis - skipjack

  • Archaeological occurrence
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1995b)

 

Galeorhinus galeus - tope, tiburón aceitoso

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2008b:63)

 

Genyonemus lineatus - white croaker

  • Archaeological occurrence
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Shor 1980:11)

 

Gila elegans - bonytail chub, minnow; shekukL, skuly, skul (Cocopa); shikushi (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- caught with a dip net (Castetter and Bell 1951:219; Gifford 1933:268)

 

Girella nigricans - opaleye, chopa verde

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2006c:148, 2008b:63)

 

Gymnothorax sp. - moray eel

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 2006a:86)
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:588; Ritter and Schulz 1974:50)
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:146)

 

Gymnothorax mordax - California moray, morena

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:77, 80, 137, 150, 153)

 

Haemulon sexfasciatum - graybar grunt, burro almejero

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2007c:148, 2008b:64)

 

Halichoeres sp. - wrass

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • San Felipe area (Porcayo 2010:9)

 

Leuresthes tenuis - California grunion

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa -- swept ashore with branches; split, dried, eaten (Michelsen 1970:45)
    • Kumeyaay -- dried, eaten (Hedges 1986:46; Shipek 1991:29-30)

 

Lutjanus sp. - snapper

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 2006a:86)

 

Lutjanus argentiventris - yellow snapper, pargo amarillo

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:588; Ritter and Schulz 1975:50)

 

Manta birostris - manta ray, manta gigante

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2007c:148, 2008:64)

 

Micropogoniasmegalops

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • San Felipe area (Celis 2015)

 

Mugil cephalus - striped mullet; tûmûn (Kiliwa); taman (Paipai); shamuny, camány, tcaman, caman, tamanik (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- caught with dip nets, gill nets, and bow and arrow (Castetter and Bell 1951:219; Gifford 1933:260, 268)

 

Mustelus sp. - smooth hound shark

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2008b:63)

 

Mycteroperca jordani, Bay grouper, baya

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 2008c:43)

 

Myliobatis sp. - bullnose ray

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:294; Hyland 1997:323)

 

Myliobatis californica - bat ray, raya murciélago

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2006c:147, 2008b:63) 
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1997)

 

Myripristis sp. - squirrelfish

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:588)

 

Nematistius pectoralis - roosterfish

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1997)

 

Opistognathus sp. - spotfin jawfish

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1997)

 

Paralabrax clathratus - kelp bass, cabrilla sargacera

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:73)

 

Paralichthys californicus - California halibut, lenguado de California

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2007c:148, 2008b:64)

 

Pleuronichtys guttulatus - diamond turbot, platija diamante

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2007c:148, 2008b:64)

 

Ptychocheilus lucius - Colorado pikeminnow; muwilk, mwi:lk (Cocopa); powili (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- caught with a dip net (Gifford 1933:268)
    • Kumeyaay -- shot with bow and arrow (Gifford 1931:26; Spier 1923:338)

 

Raja sp. - skate

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:73, 80)

 

Rhinobatos productus - shovelnose guitarfish, guitarra viola

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2006c:147, 2008b:63)

 

Sarda sp. - bonito

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:146)

 

Scarus sp. - parrotfish, pez perico

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 2006a:92, 2008c:43)

 

Scarrus ghobban, flame parrotfish, loro barbazul

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 2008c:43)

 

Scomber japonicus - chub mackerel, macarela estornino

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:77, 137)
    • San Felipe area (Porcayo 2010:9)

 

Scomberomorus sierra - Pacific sierra, sierra del pacífico

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • San Felipe area (Porcayo 2010:9)

 

Scorpaenichthys marmoratus - cabezon, cabezón

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:146)

 

Semicossyphus pulcher - California sheephead, vieja californiana

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:73, 99, 125, 146)

 

Sphyraena argentea - Pacific barracuda, barracuda plateada

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:137, 153)

 

Sphoeroides sp. - puffer, botete

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:588; Ritter and Schulz 1974:50)
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2006c:148, 2008b:63)

 

Sphoeroides annulatus - bullseye puffer

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1994b, 1998:27)

 

Sphoeroides lobatus - longnose puffer, lobete

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Monqui -- eaten after poisonous liver is removed, roasted (Clavijero 1937:213; Venegas 1943(2):127)

 

Sphyrna sp. - hammerhead shark, tiburón martillo

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2008b:63)

 

Squatina california - Pacific angel shark, angelote del Pacífico

  • Archaeological occurrence
    • Cape Region (Fujita 2006a:86, 2008c:43)

 

Stereolepis gigas - giant sea bass, pescara

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:150)

 

Sufflamen verres - brown triggerfish

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:588; Ritter and Schulz 1974:50)

 

Thunnus sp. - albacore

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Pericú -- taken from rafts (Andrews 1979:38)

 

Totoaba sp.

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • San Felipe area (Porcayo 2010:9)

 

Totoaba macdonaldi

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • San Felipe area (Celis 2015)

 

Triakis semifacciata - lepoard shark, tiburón leopardo

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2008b:63)

 

Umbrina roncador - yellowfin croaker, berrugata aleta amarilla

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2007c:148, 2008b:64)

 

Xyrauchen texanus - razorback sucker; suxyex, sxyaly (Cocopa); koyashi (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- caught with pit nets, gill nets, and bow and arrow (Gifford 1933:268)
    • Kumeyaay -- shot with bow and arrow (Gifford 1931:26)

 

COMMON NAME OR HIGHER TAXON ONLYsmelt, Atherinopsidae

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:77, 80)

 

bass, lubina; 'tiip (Kiliwa); amuyn, a moanyi, mu:ny (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- speared with a pointed pole, cooked in mush (Castetter and Bell 1951:220; Gifford 1933:268)

 

bream

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Pericú -- taken from rafts (Andrews 1979:38)

 

catfish, bagre, Siluriformes; si'íly yacác ("thorny fish") (Cocopa)

croaker, corvina, Sciaenidae

  • Archaeological occurrence:
      Cape Region (Fujita 2008c:43)

    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:77, 150, 153)
    • San Felipe area (Porcayo 2010:9)

 

damselfish, Pomacentridae

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:146)

 

eagle ray, águila marina, Myliobatidae

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:77, 146)

 

fish, pez; tman (Kiliwa); xe'íl (Paipai); si'íly, si'il (Cocopa); cei, ci (Kumeyaay). Fish species: cmuxál, chimo hul, kuksih, karrh ush, kwya:, kweyah, sáwláw, siluláw, solalao, šinyah, sinyah (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- caught from a raft, with a hook and line, net, small fork; roasted, eaten (Baegert 1952:57, 69, 1982:154; Clavijero 1937:100; Sales 1956:27, 31)
    • Pericú -- baked, eaten; bones are shaped and used as arrow points (Andrews 1979:68-70)
    • Kiliwa -- caught in a weir, with hook and line, by bow and arrow, or by clubbing on the beach; split, sun-dried, carried inland, eaten (Meigs 1939:27)
    • Paipai -- freshwater fish is stupified with pitahaya poison, marine fish is caught with poison at low tide (Bendímez 1989:24; Michelsen 1970b:45)
    • Cocopa -- abundant in June-September, caught with a dip net, hook-and-line, willow basketry trap, driven toward shore, shot with bow and arrow; gutted, pulverized in a mortar, stewed, boiled, roasted, baked on coals or in an olla, parched, dried; xe'íl (Paipai) burnt and pulverized bones are used for a white pigment (Castetter and Bell 1951:218; Gifford 1933:269, 273; Kelly 1977:24, 44, 52, 58; Kniffen 1931:54)
    • Kumeyaay -- taken by hand, hook, basketry scoop, seine net, bow and arrow, spear, trap baited with rabbit meat; cleaned, boiled or stewed, sun-dried; fins, tail, head, eyes are used in soup (Gifford 1931:25, 27, 54; Hohenthal 2001:73, 138, 148, 234; Shipek 1991:29, 56)

 

flatfish, Pleuronectiformes

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:73, 77, 80, 137)

 

freshwater fish - kaguacan (Cochimí)

grouper, Epinephelinae

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 2006a:86)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1995b; Ritter 1997)
    • San Felipe area (Porcayo 2010:9-10)

 

grunt, Haemulidae

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:146, 150)

 

halfbeak, pajarito, Hemiramphidae

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 2006a:86, 2008c:43)

 

houndshark, Triakidae

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:77, 137, 150, 153)

 

kelpfish, Clinidae

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:77, 137, 146, 150, 153)

 

mackerel

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 2006a:86)

 

manta ray, manta

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Pericú -- driven ashore, butchered (Andrews 1979:102)

 

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Rosales and Fujita 2000:46)

     

    moray, morena, Muraenidae

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Cape Region (Fujita 2008c:43)

     

    mullet, múgil

    • Ethnographic testimony:
      • Pericú -- taken from rafts (Andrews 1979:38)

     

    parrotfish, Scaridae

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Cape Region (Fujita 2006a:86)
      • San Felipe area (Porcayo 2010:10)

     

    porcupine fish, botete, Diodontidae

    • Ethnographic testimony:
      • general Baja California -- eaten after poisonous liver is removed (Barco 1973:133)

     

    puffer, Tetradontidae

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:294; Hyland 1997:323)

     

    ray, raya

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Cape Region (Fujita 2010b:20)
      • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:73, 77)
      • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1998:17, 2006d:175)

     

    requiem shark, tiburón gambuso, Carcharhinidae

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Cape Region (Rosales and Fujita 2000:122)

     

    sardine, sardina; tesmér (Kiliwa); kwiksi, kuksí, kuksih (Cocopa)

    • Ethnographic testimony:
      • Cocopa -- ground in a mortar, boiled (Castetter and Bell 1951:220; Gifford 1933:268)

     

    scorpionfish, Scorpaenidae

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:77, 137, 150)

     

    sea chub, Kyphosidae

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:77, 146, 150, 153)

     

    Serranidae

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:77, 137, 146, 150, 153)

     

    shark, tiburón, Selachimorpha

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Cape Region (Fujita 1995a:7, 2006a:92; Rosales and Fujita 2000:44, 153, 160; Rosales et. al. 2007:77)
      • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:588; Ritter and Schulz 1975:50)
      • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2006c:147)
      • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1997, 1998:17, 2006d:175)

     

    squirrelfish, Holocentrinae (cf. Myriprestris occidentalis or Holocentrus sp.)

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter and Schulz 1975:50)

     

    surf perch, mojarras vivíparas, Embiotocidae

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:77, 137, 150, 153)

     

    triggerfish, Balistidae

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Cape Region (Fujita 2006a:86)

     

    trout, trucha, Salmoninae; si'íly 'anyú:r ("striped fish") (Cocopa)

    wrass, Labridae

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:77, 137, 150, 153)
      • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:294; Hyland 1997:323)
      • San Felipe area (Porcayo 2010:9)

     

Acanthina lugubris - dark unicorn

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2008a:53, 2010c:126, 136-137, 146-148, 152)
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Shor 1980:9-10)

 

Acanthina punctulata - spotted unicorn

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Robles and Téllez 2013)

 

Acanthochitona arragonites - glass-hair chiton

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:295; Hyland 1997:325)

 

Acanthochitona avicula - glass-hair chiton

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:295; Hyland 1997:325)

 

Acanthochitona exquisita

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • San Felipe area (Celis 2015)

 

Acmaea mitra - whitecap limpet

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Robles and Téllez 2013)

 

Acteocina inculta

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Robles and Téllez 2013)

 

Anachis sp. - dovesnail

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • San Felipe area (Porcayo 2010:8)

 

Anadara sp. - ark, arca

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1994b)
    • Northern Sierras (Guía 2005:276; Guía and Oviedo 2008:170-171)

 

Anadara cepoides - ark, arca

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:541-543)

 

Anadara concinna - ark, arca

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:295; Hyland 1997:325)

 

Anadara formosa - ark, arca

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200; Sánchez et al. 2008:100)

 

Anadara grandis - grand ark, arca casca de burro

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 1985)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter et al. 1994:5, 1995)

 

Anadara multicostata - many-ribbed ark, arca piangua

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74, 78; Fujita 1985, 2006a:85, 2008c:42, 2010b:19, 2012; Fujita and Bulhusen 2014; Fujita and Poyatos 1998:91-94; Gusick and Davis 2010:44; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200; Rosales and Fujita 2000:113-114, 117, 119, 144, 152-153, 159; Sánchez et al. 2008:100)
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:542)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:295; Hyland 1997:325)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Davis 1968:201; Fujita 1986)

 

Anadara tuberculosa - pustulose ark, arca negra

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74, 78; Fujita 1985; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200; Rosales and Fujita 2000:113-114, 117, 119, 144, 159; Sánchez et al. 2008:87, 100)

 

Ancistromesus mexicanus - see Scutellastra mexicana

Anomia sp. - jingle, papelillo

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Gusick and Davis 2010:44; Rosales and Fujita 2000:114, 117, 119, 144)

 

Anomia peruviana - Peruvian jingle

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74, 78; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 201; Sánchez et al. 2008:100)
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter and Schulz 1975:47; Ritter 1979:542)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Davis 1968:201)

 

Arca sp. - ark

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1994b, 1995b; Ritter et al. 1994:5-13, 1995)

 

Arca mutabilis - ark

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:542)

 

Arca pacifica -ark

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74; Fujita 1985; Gusick and Davis 2010:44; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200; Rosales and Fujita 2000:44, 114, 117, 119, 121, 143, 147, 159; Sánchez et al. 2008:100)
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:542; Ritter and Schulz 1975:47)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:295; Hyland 1997:325)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Fujita 1985)
    • San Felipe area (Fujita 1985)

 

Argopecten sp. - scallop

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:364, 2006b:103)
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2006c:142, 2008a:27-28)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1994b)
    • Laguna Chapala area (Ritter et al. 1978:21)

 

Argopecten circularis - see Argopecten ventricosus

Argopecten ventricosus - Pacific calico scallop, almeja catarina

  • Previous designation: Argopecten circularis
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74, 78; Fujita 1985, 1995a:6, 2006a:92, 2012; Fujita and Poyatos 1998:91;Gusick and Davis 2010:42, 44; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200; Rosales and Fujita 2000:44, 113-114, 117, 119, 144, 152, 159; Sánchez et al. 2008:87, 100)
    • Bahía Concepción area (DuShane 1981:14; Fujita 1985; Ritter 1979:340-345, 542; Ritter and Schulz 1975:47)
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2006c:147)

 

Astraea sp. - turban

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Northern Sierras (Téllez 1987:114)

 

Astraea unguis - see Uvanilla unguis

Astraea olivaceae - olive turban

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 1995a:8; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 201)

 

Atrina sp. - penshell

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 1985; Rosales and Fujita 2000:114)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter et al. 1994:5, 13, 1995)

 

Atrina maura - penshell

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 1985)
    • Bahía Concepción area (DuShane 1981:14)

 

Atrina tuberculosa - penshell

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74, 78)

 

Balanus sp. - barnacle

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Rosales and Fujita 2000:48)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:296; Hyland 1997:326)

 

Barbatia lurida - ark, arca

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:542)

 

Barbatia reeveana - low-rib ark

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74; Fujita 1985, 2012; Gusick and Davis 2010:44; Rosales and Fujita 2000:114, 117, 119, 121, 143, 159)
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:542; Ritter and Schulz 1975:47)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Fujita 1985)

 

Brachidontes sp. - mussel

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1994b; Ritter 1995b)

 

Bulla gouldiana - California bubble

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Davis 1968:201)

 

Callista sp. - venus clam

  • Previous designation: Megapitaria sp.
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:542)
    • Central Sierras (Meighan 1966:391)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1994b, 1997, 1998a:31; Ritter et al. 1994:9-10, 1995)

 

Callista aurantiaca - venus clam

  • Previous designation: Megapitaria aurantiaca
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 1985; Fujita and Poyatos 1998:91;Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200; Sánchez et al. 2008:100)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:296; Hyland 1997:326)

 

Callista squalida - almeja negra

  • Previous designation: Megapitaria squalida
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74; Fujita 1985, 2012; Fujita and Poyatos 1998:91; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200; Rosales and Fujita 2000:113-114, 117, 119, 144, 152, 159; Sánchez et al. 2008:87, 100)
    • Bahía Concepción area (DuShane 1981:14; Fujita 1985)
    • Central Sierras (Fujita 1985)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Fujita 1985)

 

Callistochiton infortunatus - chiton

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:295; Hyland 1997:325)

 

Cancellaria sp. - nutmeg

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1994b)

 

Cantharus sp. - whelk

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1997)

 

Cardita sp. - cardita

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1994b, 1995b, 1998:17, 31; Ritter et al. 1994:10)

 

Cardita affinis - see Carditamera affinis

Cardita megastropha - cardita

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (DuShane 1981:14)

 

Carditamera affinis - cardita

  • Previous designation: Cardita affinis
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 1985; Rosales and Fujita 2000:147)
    • Bahía Concepción area (Davis 1968:201; Ritter 1979:542)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:295; Hyland 1997:325)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Fujita 1985; Ritter 1997)
    • San Felipe area (Celis 2015; Fujita 1985; Porcayo 2010:7-8; Téllez et al. 2000, 2008a:13)
    • Northern Sierras (Porcayo 2010:10)

 

Cassis centiquadrata - see Semicassis centiquadrata

Cassis coarctata - see Cypraecassis coarctata

Cassis tenuis - see Cypraecassis tenuis

Cerithidea albonodosa - horn shell

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:295; Hyland 1997:325)

 

Cerithidea montagnei - horn shell

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:295; Hyland 1997:325)

 

Cerithium sp. - horn shell

  • Archaeological occcurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:543)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles (Ritter 1997)

 

Cerithium maculosum - horn shell

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:199, 201; Rosales and Fujita 2000:115, 118, 120)

 

Cerithium stercumuscarum - horn shell

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • San Felipe area (Porcayo 2010:8)

 

Chama sp. - jewel box

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:542; Ritter and Schulz 1975:47)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:295; Hyland 1997:325)

 

Chama buddiana - jewel box

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Hubbs et al. 1960:220, 1965:111

 

Chama echinata - jewel box

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200)

 

Chama frondosa - frondose jewel box

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74; Fujita 1985, 1995a:7, 2006a:86, 2008b:105-107, 2008c:42-45, 47, 2008d:312, 2010b:19-20, 25, 2012, 2013g; Fujita and Poyatos 1998:74-94, 2007:34; Gusick and Davis 2010:42, 44; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200; Rosales and Fujita 2000:114, 117, 119, 121, 143, 152-153, 159; Sánchez et al. 2008:100)
    • Bahía Concepción area (DuShane 1981:14; Fujita)

 

Chama mexicana - jewel box

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 1985, 1995a:8; Gusick and Davis 2010:42, 44; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200; Rosales and Fujita 2000:153)
    • Bahía Concepción area (DuShane 1981:14; Fujita 1985)

 

Chione sp. - venus clam, almeja roñosa

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Rosales and Fujita 2000:146)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:296-297; Hyland 1997:326)
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2006c:147, 2008b:63)
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:72, 74-76, 84)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Foster 1984:64; Ritter 1994b, 1995b, 1997, 1998:17, 31; Ritter et al. 1994:5-14, 1995)
    • Laguna Chapala area (Ritter et al. 1984:25)
    • El Rosario-San Quintín area (Moore 2008b:336)
    • San Felipe area (Douglas 1981:67; Téllez et al. 2007:50-52)
    • Colorado Desert (Laylander et al. 2016:38)
    • Northern Sierras (Guía 2005:276; Oviedo 2008:145)

 

Chione californiensis - California venus

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (tools, ornaments) (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74, 78; Fujita 1985, 1995a:6-7, 2006a:92, 2008c:42-44, 2008d:312, 2010b:19-20, 25-26, 2012, 2013g; Fujita and Bulhusen 2014; Fujita and Poyatos 1998:74-94; Gusick and Davis 2010:44; Rosales and Fujita 2000:44, 79, 87, 113-114, 117, 119, 143, 163; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200; Rosalez et al. 2007:77; Sánchez and Rosales 2008a:114, 117, 119, 121, 144, 152-153, 159; Sánchez et al. 2008:87, 90, 100)
    • Bahía Concepción area (DuShane 1981:14; Fujita 1985; Ritter 1979:542)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:238, 241, 296; Hyland 1997:189-191, 194, 326)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Davis 1968:201)
    • San Felipe area (Hubbs et al. 1960:214)

 

Chione cortezi - venus clam

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • San Felipe area (Porcayo 2010:9)

 

Chione fluctifraga - smooth venus

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- dug (Gifford 1933:261)
    • Kumeyaay -- shells are used for beads (Gifford 1931:37)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • San Felipe region (Figueroa et al. 2013)

 

Chione gnidia - venus clam, almeja roñosa

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74, 78; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200; Rosales and Fujita 2000:114, 117, 119; Sánchez et al. 2008:100)

 

Chione purpurissata - see Chionopsis lilacina

Chione tumens - venus clam

  • Archaeological occurrence:
      Cape Region (Gusick and Davis 2010:44)

    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:542)

 

Chione undatella - frilled venus

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74, 78; Fujita 1985, 2008c:42, 44, 2008d:312-313, 2012, 2013g; Fujita and Bulhusen 2014; Fujita and Poyatos 1998:91, 94; Gusick and Davis 2010:44; Rosales and Fujita 2000:113-114, 117, 119, 143-144, 152, 159; Sánchez et al. 2008:90, 100)
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:542; Ritter and Schulz 1975:47)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:296; Hyland 1997:326)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Fujita 1985)
    • San Felipe area (Fujita 1985)

 

Chionopsis lilacina - venus clam

  • Previous designation: Chione purpurissata
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 1985; Gusick and Davis 2010:44)
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:542)

 

Chiton sp. - chiton

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1994b; Ritter 1995b; Ritter 1997; Ritter 1998:31)

 

Chiton virgulatus - chiton

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:295; Hyland 1997:325)
    • San Felipe area (Celis 2015)

 

Chlorostoma funebralis - black top

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:148)
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Shor 1980:9-10)

 

Clypeaster sp. - sand dollar

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Gusick and Davis 2010:44)

 

Clypeaster europacificus - sand dollar

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Davis 1968:201)

 

Codakia sp. - lucine

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1994b; Ritter et al. 1994:9, 1995)

 

Codakia distinguenda - lucine, almeja blanca

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (tools, ornaments) (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74; Fujita 1985, 2008c:43, 2010b:21; Fujita and Bulhusen 2014; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 201; Rosales and Fujita 2000:44, 117, 119, 146; Rosales and Fujita 2000:46, 114; Sánchez et al. 2008:100)
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:542)

 

Collisella sp. - see Lottia sp.

Collisella atrata - see Lottia atrata

Collisella conus - see Lottia conus

Collisella dalliana - see Lottia dalliana

Collisella discors - see Lottia discors

Collisella gigantea - see Lottia gigantea

Collisella stanfordiana - see Lottia stanfordiana

Collisella strigatella - see Lottia strigatella

Columbella fuscata - burnt dove shell

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Gusick and Davis 2010:44)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:295; Hyland 1997:325)

 

Columbella strombiformis - stromboid dove shell

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (DuShane 1984:70; Gusick and Davis 2010:44)

 

Conus sp. - cone

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Gusick and Davis 2010:44; Rosales and Fujita 2000:115, 118, 120; Sánchez et al. 2008:100)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:295; Hyland 1997:325)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles (Ritter 1995b)

 

Conus brunneus - brown cone

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74; Rosales and Fujita 2000:115, 118, 120, 143, 159; Sánchez et al. 2008:100)

 

Conus californicus - California cone

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (DuShane 1984:70)

 

Conus diadema - cone

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (DuShane 1984:69)

 

Conus princeps - princely cone

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 1985; Sánchez et al. 2008:90, 100; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:199, 201)

 

Conus purpurascens - purple cone

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74)
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:543)

 

Conus regularis - regular cone

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Davis 1968:201)
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Porcayo 2010:10)
    • Colorado Desert (Laylander et al. 2016:38)

 

Conus tiaratus - tiara cone

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (DuShane 1984:69)

 

Conus ximenes - interrupted cone

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (DuShane 1984:70)

 

Crassostrea sp. - oyster

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Northern Sierras (Guía 2005:276; Guía and Oviedo 2008:170-171)

 

Crassostrea columbiensis - rock oyster

  • Previous designation: Ostrea columbiensis
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200)

 

Crassostrea corteziensis - rock oyster

  • Previous designation: Ostrea corteziensis
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 1985)

 

Crepidula sp. - slipper snail

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Gusick and Davis 2010:44; Sánchez et al. 2008:100)
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:543)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:296; Hyland 1997:326)
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2006c:147, 2008b:63)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter et al. 1994:9, 1995)
    • San Felipe area (Porcayo 2010:8)

 

Crepidula onxy - onyx slipper snail

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 1985)`
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:296; Hyland 1997:326)

 

Crepidula striolata - ridged slipper snail

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74; Fujita 1985; Rosales and Fujita 2000:115, 118, 120, 144, 159)

 

Crucibulum sp. - cup-and-saucer

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74; Gusick and Davis 2010:44; Rosales and Fujita 2000:115, 118, 120, 143, 159; Sánchez et al. 2008:100)
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2006c:147, 2008b:63)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1994b, 1995b, 1997)

 

Crucibulum personatum - cup-and-saucer

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:543)

 

Crucibulum scutellatum - cup-and-saucer

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Rosales and Fujita 2000:44; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:199, 201)

 

Crucibulum spinosum - spiny cup-and-saucer

  • Archaeological occurrence:
      Cape Region (Gusick and Davis 2010:44; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:199, 201)

    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:295; Hyland 1997:325)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Davis 1968:201)

 

Crucibulum umbrella - cup-and-saucer

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 1985; Rosales and Fujita 2000:163)
    • San Felipe area (Fujita 1985)

 

Cryptochiton sp. - chiton

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • El Rosario-San Quintín area (Hubbs et al. 1960:213)
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Hubbs et al. 1960:217; Hubbs et al. 1962:217)

 

Cryptochiton stelleri - giant Pacific chiton

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • El Rosario area-San Quintín area (Hubbs et al. 1962:218-219, 226; Suess 1954:468)

 

Cymatium sp. - triton

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter et al. 1994:5, 9-10, 1995)

 

Cypraea sp. - cowry

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Sánchez et al. 2008:90)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1997)

 

Cypraea annettae - see Pseudozonaria annettae

Cypraea albuginosa - see Erosaria albuginosa

Cypraea spadicea

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Robles and Téllez 2013)

 

Cypraecassis coarctata - helmet

  • Previous designation: Cassis coarctata
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (DuShane 1984:70; Fujita 1995a:8; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:199, 201)

 

Cypraecassis tenuis - helmet

  • Previous designation: Cassis tenuis
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:199, 201)

 

Dendraster sp. - sand dollar

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1995b)

 

Dentalium sp. - tusk shell

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:543)

 

Diplodonta inezensis - diplodon

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:296; Hyland 1997:326)

 

Donax sp. - bean clam

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200)

 

Donax gouldii - bean clam

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (DuShane 1984:70)

 

Dosinia sp. - venus clam

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Vizcaíno Desert (edge tools) (Ritter 2006c:147, 2008b:66)
    • Bahía de los Angeles (edge tools) (Foster 1984:64; Ritter 1994b, 1995b, 1997, 2008a:21, 29)

 

Dosinia cancellata - venus clam

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74)

 

Dosinia dunkeri - venus clam

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200; Sánchez et al. 2008:100)

 

Dosinia ponderosa - venus clam

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (tools) (Fujita 2006a:85, 2010b:21, 2012, 2013g; Fujita and Bulhusen 2014; Fujita and Poyatos 1998:92, 94; Rosales and Fujita 2000:114; Rosales and Fujita 2000:117, 119, 146; Sánchez et al. 2008:100)
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:542)
    • Central Sierras (tools) (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:185, 288, 290, 296; Hyland 1997:243, 319, 326, 2006:130; Meighan 1966:391)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Davis 1968:201; Ritter 1994b; Ritter et al. 1994:9-14; Tyree 1998:47)
    • San Felipe area (tools) (Porcayo 2010:9, 12)

 

Echinometra sp. - sea urchin

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Hyland 1997:182, 185, 194)
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Davis 2007b:68)

 

Echinometra vanbrunti - sea urchin

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:241; Hyland 1997:191)

 

Encope micropore - sand dollar

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Davis 1968:201)

 

Encope grandis - sand dollar

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Davis 1968:201)

 

Encope micropore - sand dollar

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Davis 1968:201)

 

Episcynia medialis - snail

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:543)

 

Erosaria albuginosa - cowrie

  • Previous designation: Cypraea albuginosa
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:199, 201)

 

Eucidaris sp. - sea urchin, erizo

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Rosales and Fujita 2000:122)

 

Eucidaris thouarsii - sea urchin, erizo

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Gusick and Davis 2010:44)

 

Euvola vogdesi - scallop

  • Previous designation: Pecten vogdesi
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (tools) (Fujita 1985, 2010b:20-21; Gusick and Davis 2010:44; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200)
    • Bahía Concepción area (DuShane 1981:14; Fujita 1985)
    • Central Sierras (containers) (Fujita 1985; Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:185, 290, 296; Hyland 1997:243, 326, 2006:130; Meighan 1966:391)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Davis 1968:201; Fujita 1985)

 

Fasciolaria princeps - see Triplofusus princeps

Fissurella volcano - volcano keyhole limpet

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2008a:53, 2010c:100, 102, 124, 126, 148, 152)
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Cota and Guía 2013; Robles and Téllez 2013; Shor 1980:9; Téllez 1987:114)

 

Fusinus sp. - spindle

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (tools) (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74; Fujita 1985, 2010b:23, 2013g; Fujita and Bulhusen 2014; Rosales and Fujita 2000:115, 118, 120)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Fujita 1985; Ritter 1995b)

 

Fusinus dupetitthouarsi - spindle

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (tools) (Fujita 2008c:43, 2012, 2013g; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 201)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Davis 1968:201)

 

Glossaulax reclusiana - tall moonsnail

  • Previous designation: Polinices recluzianus
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74; Fujita 1985; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200; Rosales and Fujita 2000:44, 115, 118, 120, 147, 152; Sánchez et al. 2008:87, 90, 100)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Fujita 1985)
    • San Felipe area (Fujita 1985)

 

Glycymeris sp. - bittersweet

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Hyland 1997:325)
    • Bahía de los Angeles (Foster 1984:64; Ritter 1994b; Ritter 1995b; Ritter 1997; Ritter et al. 1994:5, 1995; Tyree 1998:47)
    • Northern Sierras (Téllez 1987)

 

Glycymeris gigantea - giant bittersweet, almendra india

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (tools) (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74; Fujita 1985, 1995a:6, 2006a:85, 2008c:43, 2008d:312, 2010b:21, 2012, 2013g; Fujita and Bulhusen 2014; Fujita and Poyatos 1998:91-94; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200; Rosales and Fujita 2000:114, 117, 119, 144, 152-153, 159; Sánchez et al. 2008:87, 100)
    • Bahía Concepción area (DuShane 1981:14; Fujita 1985; Ritter 1979:346-347, 542)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Fujita 1985; Hubbs et al. 1962:220)
    • San Felipe area (Figueroa et. al. 2013; Porcayo 2010:7, 9)
    • Northern Sierras (Porcayo 2010:10)

 

Glycymeris maculata - speckled bittersweet, almendra manchada

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74; Fujita 1995a:8, 2010b:20; Fujita and Bulhusen 2014; Fujita and Poyatos 1998:91; Gusick and Davis 2010:44; Rosales and Fujita 2000:114, 117, 119, 153)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:295; Hyland 1997:325)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Hubbs et al. 1960:206)

 

Glycymeris mazatlanica - bittersweet

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Sánchez et al. 2008:100)

 

Glycymeris multicostata - bittersweet

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 1985; Gusick and Davis 2010:44)
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:542)

 

Glycymeris undatella - bittersweet

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter and Schulz 1975:47)

 

Haliotis sp. - abalone, abulón; x'ul (Kiliwa); kat'ekal (Paipai); tikai:l, xa:lyak (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Pericú -- used for ornaments (Andrews 1979:91)
    • Kiliwa -- cooked to get the meat out of the shell, stuck on tips of agave leaves to dry in the sun; carried inland; used in shell pendant (Meigs 1939:35, 49)
    • Paipai -- collected, dried, eaten; shell is used as a tool (Bendímez 1989:24; Hohenthal 2001:333; Michelsen 1974:42)
    • Kumeyaay -- pried with a sharp pointed stick or rock; pounded, cut, sun dried; steamed in shell covered with wet kelp, cooked in ollas on the coast, or sun-dried and carried inland; shell is used as a dish, used as material for making beads and pendants or as souvenir, used for eyes in mourning ceremony images (Davis 1919:17, 27; Hohenthal 2001:73, 82, 148, 206, 219; Shipek 1991:27-28, 56)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 2006a:94, 97)
    • Central Sierras (Meighan 1966:391)
    • Isla Cedros (Banks 1972a:22)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (tools) (Ritter 1997, 2006d:176)
    • Laguna Chapala area (Gruhn and Bryan 2008:129; Ritter et al. 1984:25)
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (tools) (Davis 2007b:62, 68-69, 2008:144-145; García and Ovilla 2017; Gruhn and Bryan 2007:10, 13; Téllez 1987:114)

 

Haliotis corrugata - pink abalone

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2008a:53, 2010c:100, 102)

 

Haliotis cracherodii - black abalone, abulón negro

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2008a:53, 2010c:84, 100, 102, 125-126, 136-137, 139, 146-148, 150-154)
    • El Rosario-San Quintín area (Moore 2008b:332, 336)
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Cota and Guía 2013; Cuadra 2007; Hubbs et al. 1960:217; Killingley 1980:20; Oviedo and Guía 2009:1; Robles and Téllez 2013; Shor 1980:9-10)

 

Haliotis fulgens - green abalone

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002::295; Hyland 1997:325)
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2008a:53, 2010c:100, 102, 126, 136-137, 139, 148, 152)
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Cota and Guía 2013)

 

Haliotis rufescens - red abalone

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (fishhook) (Des Lauriers 2010c:84-85)
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Cota and Guía 2013)

 

Heterodonax pacificus - Pacific false bean clam

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:543)

 

Hexaplex sp. - murex

  • Previous designation: Muricanthus sp.
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1994b; Ritter 1995b; Ritter et al. 1994:9, 1995)

 

Hexaplex erythrostomus - murex, caracol chino rosa

  • Previous designation: Muricanthus erythrostomus
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74; Fujita 1985, 2008d:312, 2012; Fujita and Poyatos 1998:89; Gusick and Davis 2010:44; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 201; Rosales and Fujita 2000:115, 147-147, 152; Sánchez et al. 2008:87, 90, 100)
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:543; Ritter and Schulz 1975:47)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:296-297; Hyland 1997:326)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Davis 1968:201; Fujita 1985)

 

Hexaplex nigritus - rock shell

  • Previous designation: Muricanthus nigritus
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74, 78; Fujita 1985, 1995a:6-8, 2006a:92; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 201; Rosales and Fujita 2000:45, 115, 118, 120-121, 144, 153, 159; Sánchez et al. 2008:100)
    • San Felipe area (Porcayo 2010:7-9, 12-13)

 

Hexaplex princeps - murex

  • Previous designation: Muricanthus princeps
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 201)

 

Hinnites multirugosus - scallop

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Hubbs et al. 1960:217)

 

Hyotissa fisheri - wrinkled oyster

  • Previous designation: Ostrea fisheri
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (tools) (Fujita 1985, 1995a:7, 2006a:86, 2008b:105-107, 2008c:41-45, 47, 2008d:312-313, 2010b:19-21, 2012; Fuita and Poyatos 1998:74-94, 2007:34; Gusick and Davis 2010:44; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200; Rosales and Fujita 2000:114, 117, 119, 121, 143, 147, 152-153, 159; Sánchez et al. 2008:100)
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:542; Ritter and Schulz 1975:47)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:296-297; Hyland 1997:326)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Davis 1968:201; Fujita 1985)

 

Hyotissa hyotis

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 2013g)

 

Isognomon sp. - purse shell

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:541, 543)

 

Isognomon janus - thin purse shell

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 1985; Gusick and Davis 2010:44)

 

Laevicardium sp. - egg cockle

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Vizcaíno Desert (bowls) (Ritter 2006c:147, 2008b:66; Ritter et al. 1994:10)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1994b, 1995b; Ritter et al. 1995)
    • Laguna Chapala area (Ritter et al. 1978:21, 1984:25)

 

Laevicardium elatum - giant egg cockle

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (tools) (Fujita 2006a:85, 2010b:20-21; Fujita and Bulhusen 2014; Gusick and Davis 2010:44; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200; Sánchez et al. 2008:100)
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:347-351, 542; Ritter and Schulz 1975:47)
    • Central Sierras (Meighan 1966:391)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1994b, 1997b, 1998a:33)
    • San Felipe area (Porcayo 2010:10; Téllez et al. 2008a:13)

 

Laevicardium substriatum - cockle

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:542

 

Leopecten stillmani - scallop

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:296; Hyland 1997:326)

 

Lepidozona sp. - chiton

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Northern Sierras (Téllez 1987:114)

 

Leptopecten camerella - scallop

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:296; Hyland 1997:326)

 

Leukoma sp. - venus

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:290, 296-297; Hyland 1997:326)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Hubbs et al. 1962:214; Ritter 1994b, 1995b, 1997, 1998:17, 31)
    • San Felipe area (Téllez et al. 2007)

 

Leukoma grata - venus

  • Archaeological occurrence: Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:542; Ritter and Schulz 1975:47)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:238, 241; Hyland 1997:189-191, 194)
    • San Felipe area (Téllez et al. 2000, 2007, 2008a:13, 2008b)

 

Leukoma metodon - venus

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:542)

 

Leukoma staminea - Pacific littleneck, almejuela común

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • El Rosario-San Quintín area (Moore 2008b:332, 336)
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Shor 1980:9-10)

 

Lima sp. - fileclam

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Gusick and Davis 2010:44)

 

Lima tetrica - fileclam

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Gusick and Davis 2010:44)

 

Lobatus galeatus - giant eastern Pacific conch, caracol burro

  • Previous designation: Strombus galeatus
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (tools) (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74; Fujita 1985, 2006a:86, 2008c:42-43, 47, 2008d:312, 2010b:19, 2012; Fujita and Poyatos 1998:76-94; Hubbs et al. 1960:220; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 201; Rosales and Fujita 2000:44, 115, 152-153; Sánchez et al. 2008:100)
    • Bahía Concepción area (DuShane 1981:16; Ritter 1979:543)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Fujita 1985)
    • San Felipe area (Williams 1975b:12-13)

 

Lobatus gigas - queen conch

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • San Felipe area (Williams 1975b:14-15)

 

Lottia sp. - limpet

  • Previous designation: Collisella sp.
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Gusick and Davis 2010:44)
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:543)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:295; Hyland 1997:325)
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:148)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1998:31)
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Robles and Téllez 2013; Téllez 1987:114)

 

Lottia atrata - limpet

  • Previous designation: Collisella atrata
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 1995a:8; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:199, 201; Rosales and Fujita 2000:153)

 

Lottia conus

  • Previous designation: Collisella conus
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Robles and Téllez 2013)

 

Lottia dalliana - limpet

  • Previous designation: Collisella dalliana
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • San Felipe area (Celis 2015)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:295; Hyland 1997:325)

 

Lottia discors - limpet

  • Previous designation: Collisella discors
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:199, 201)

 

Lottia gigantea - owl limpet

  • Previous designation: Collisella gigantea
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:295; Hyland 1997:325)
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2008a:53, 2010c:100, 102, 124, 126, 136-137, 146-148, 152-154)
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Cota and Guía 2013; Davis 2007b:58; Killingley 1980:20; Shor 1980:9-10; Robles and Téllez 2013; Téllez 1987:114)

 

Lottia stanfordiana - limpet

  • Previous designation: Collisella stanfordiana
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1997)

 

Lottia strigatella

  • Previous designation: Collisella strigatella
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Robles and Téllez 2013)

 

Luria isabellamexicana - cowry

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:543)

 

Lyropecten sp. - scallop

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1994b)

 

Lyropecten subnodosus - lion's paw scallop, mano de león

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (tools) (Fujita 1985,1995a:7, 2006a:95, 2008c:43, 47, 2008d:312-313, 2010b:21, 2012; Fujita and Bulhusen 2014; Fujita and Poyatos 1998:91; Gusick and Davis 2010:44; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200; Rosales and Fujita 2000:147, 152-153; Sánchez et al. 2008:100)
    • Bahía Concepción area (DuShane 1981:14; Fujita 1985; Ritter 1979:542)
    • Central Sierras (containers) (Fujita 1985; Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:185, 290, 296; Hyland 1997:243, 326, 2006:130; Meighan 1966:391) Bahía de los Ángeles area (Fujita 1985)

 

Macron aethiops - macron

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2006c:147, 2008b:63)

 

Mactromeris hemphillii - Hemphill surfclam

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Davis 2007b:58 )

 

Malea ringens - tun shell

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74; Fujita 2012; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:199, 201; Rosales and Fujita 2000:44, 115, 118, 120, 153; Sánchez et al. 2008:87, 100)
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:543)

 

Megabalanus tintinnabulum

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Robles and Téllez 2013)

 

Megapitaria sp. - see Callista sp.

Megastraea undosa - wavy turban

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Banks 1972:22; Des Lauriers 2010:74-76, 136-137)

 

Megathura crenulata - keyhole limpet

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Banks 1972a:20, 22; Des Lauriers 2008a:53)

 

Mercenaria sp. - quahog

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Banks 1972b:54)

 

Mexacanthina angelica - murex

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • San Felipe area (Porcayo 2010:8)

 

Modiolus sp. - horse mussel

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter and Schulz 1975:47)

 

Modiolus americanus mussel

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:542)

 

Modiolus capax - fat horse mussel, mejillón

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74; Fujita 1995, 2008d:312; Fujita and Poyatos 1998:91; Gusick and Davis 2010:44; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200; Rosales and Fujita 2000:113-114, 117, 119, 121, 143-144, 147, 159, 159; Sánchez et al. 2008:100)
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:542)
    • San Felipe area (Fujita 1985; Porcayo 2010:9; Téllez et al. 2007:51-52)

 

Mulinia coloradoensis - surfclam

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • San Felipe area (Hubbs et al. 1962:216)

 

Murex sp. - murex

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Rosales and Fujita 2000:115, 118, 120, 144)

 

Murex recurvirostris - see Vokesimurex recurvirostris

Murexiella lappa - murex

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 1985)

 

Muricanthus sp. - see Hexaplex sp.

Muricanthus erythrostomus - see Hexaplex erythrostomus

Muricanthus nigritus - see Hexaplex nigritus

Muricanthus princeps - see Hexaplex princeps

Muricella sp. - coral

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74)

 

Myrakeena angelica - oyster

  • Previous designation: Ostrea angelica
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 1985)
    • San Felipe area (Fujita 1985; Porcayo 2010:7-8)

 

Mytilus sp. - mussel

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa -- collected (Meigs 1939:27)
    • Cocopa -- collected (Castetter and Bell 1951:223)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (fishhook) (Des Lauriers 2010c:64, 69, 78)

 

Mytilus californianus - California mussel

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2008a:53, 2010c:72, 74-76, 82-84, 99-100, 102, 124-125, 136-137, 139, 146-148, 150-154)
    • Laguna Chapala area (Ritter et al. 1984:25)
    • El Rosario-San Quintín area (Hubbs et al. 1960:213; Moore 2006:188, 2008a:31, 2008b:330, 332, 336; Suess 1954:468)
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Cota and Guía 2013; Cuadra 2007; García and Ovilla 2017; Hubbs and Bien 1967:290; Hubbs et al. 1960:202, 1962:219, 1965:112, 114; Killingley 1980:19-21; Oviedo and Guía 2009:1; Robles and Té&llez 2013; Shor 1980:6-10; Suess 1954:468; Téllez 1987:114)

 

Nassarius sp. - dog whelk

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1997)

 

Natica sp. - moon snail

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1997; Ritter et al. 1994:5, 9, 1995)

 

Natica chemnitzii - Chemnitz's moon snail, natica fanguera

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74; Fujita 1985; Gusick and Davis 2010:44; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200; Rosales and Fujita 2000:44, 115, 118, 120-121, 144, 152, 159; Sánchez et al. 2008:100)

 

Neorapana tuberculata - rock snail

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 201
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:543)

 

Nerita sp. - nerite

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:295; Hyland 1997:326)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1997)

 

Nerita funiculata - nerite

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:538, 543)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:295; Hyland 1997:325)

 

Nerita scabricosta - nerite

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Hujita 1985; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:199, 201)

 

Nerita scabricostata - nerite

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 2010:20, 26; Fujita and Poyatos 1998:92; Rosales and Fujita 2000:153)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:295; Hyland 1997:325)

 

Nucella emarginata - emarginate dogwinkle

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Killingley 1980:20; Shor 1980:9)

 

Oliva sp. - olive

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (beads) (Fujita and Bulhusen 2014; Gusick and Davis 2010:44; Rosales and Fujita 2000:115, 118, 120, 144)
    • Northern Sierras (Guía 2005:276; Guía and Oviedo 2008:170)

 

Oliva incrassata - olive

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:199, 201)
    • San Felipe area (Porcayo 2010:9)
    • Northern Sierras (Porcayo 2010:10)

 

Oliva polpasta - olive

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:295; Hyland 1997:325)

 

Oliva porphyria - olive

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Gusick and Davis 2010:44; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:199, 201)

 

Oliva spicata - olive

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74; DuShane 1984:70; Fujita 1985; Gusick and Davis 2010:44; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:199, 201; Rosales and Fujita 2000:44)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:295; Hyland 1997:325)

 

Oliva undatella - olive

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:295; Hyland 1997:325)
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2006c:142)

 

Olivella sp. - olive

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (beads) (Carmean and Molto 1991:28, 32; Fujita 2006a:97, 2008b:106, 2010b:21, 23-24, 30; Fujita and Bulhusen 2014; Rosales and Fujita 2000:42-43; Rosales and Fujita 2000:46, 163; Rosales et. al. 2007:77; Sánchez et al. 2008:100; Stewart et al. 1998:6)
    • Bahía Concepción area (beads) (Ritter 1979:543, 2006b:103, 111, 2008a:21, 27-28; Ritter and Schulz 1975:46)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:295; Hyland 1997:326)
    • Vizcaíno Desert (beads) (Ritter 2006c:140, 150, 2008a:21, 27-28, 2008b:66, 73)
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2008a:53, 2010c:166)
    • Laguna Chapala area (beads) (Gruhn and Bryan 2008:129)
    • San Felipe area (Porcayo 2010:10)
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (beads) (Cuadra 2007; Gruhn and Bryan 2007:10, 13; Ovilla 2014)

 

Olivella alba - olive

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:295; Hyland 1997:326)

 

Olivella biplicata - purple dwarf olive

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:153-154)
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Shor 1980:10)

 

Olivella dama - olive

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- used for teeth in mourning ceremony images (Davis 1919:26)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (DuShane 1984:69; Gusick and Davis 2010:44)
    • Bahía Concepción area (beads) (Ritter 1979:337-343, 365, 386, 2006b:115)
    • Central Sierras (beads) (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:287-288; Hyland 1997:319)

 

Olivella terginas - olive

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:199, 201)

 

Olivella zonalis - olive

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:295; Hyland 1997:325)

 

Ostrea sp. - oyster; canyá:x (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- shells are used as cutting tools (Castetter and Bell 1951:223; Gifford 1933:272)
    • Kumeyaay -- ground, drilled, used for beads and pendants (Hohenthal 2001:206, 219)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74, 78)
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:348)
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2006c:147, 2008b:63)
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:69)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (ornament) (Ritter 1994b, 1995b, 1997, 1998b:27, 32, 2008a:29; Ritter et al. 1994:5-13, 1995)
    • El Rosario-San Quintín area (Moore 2008b:336)
    • Northern Sierras (Hohenthal 2001:148)
    • San Felipe area (Porcayo 2010:7-8)

 

Ostrea angelica - see Myrakeena angelica

Ostrea columbiensis - see Crassostrea columbiensis

Ostrea conchaphila - Olympia oyster

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita and Poyatos 1998:74-94)

 

Ostrea corteziensis - see Crassostrea corteziensis

Ostrea fisheri - see Hyotissa fisheri

Ostrea iridescens - see Striostrea prismatica

Ostrea megadon - oyster

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2006a:163, 2010c:72, 74, 76)

 

Ostrea palmula - oyster, ostión de mangle

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 1985, 1995a:7, 2008c:44; 2008d:312, 2010b:19-20, 26; Fujita and Bulhusen 2014; Fujita and Poyatos 1998:91, 94; Gusick and Davis 2010:42, 44; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200; Rosales and Fujita 2000:113-114, 117, 119, 144, 147, 152-153, 159; Stewart et al. 1998:6)
    • Bahía Concepción area (DuShane 1981:14; Ritter 1979:542; Ritter and Schulz 1975:47)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Davis 1968:201; Fujita 1985)
    • San Felipe area (Fujita 1985)

 

Panulirus sp. - lobster

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:81, 84)

 

Parviturbo sp. - cyclostreme

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1997)

 

Patella sp. - limpet

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Gusick and Davis 2010:44)

 

Patelloida semirubida - limpet

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:543)

 

Pecten sp. - scallop

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:542)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:296; Hyland 1997:326)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1994b; Ritter et al. 1994:5, 9-10, 1995)
    • Laguna Chapala area (Ritter et al. 1984:25)

 

Pecten vogdesi - see Euvola vogdesi

Periglypta sp. - venus

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1997

 

Periglypta multicostata - many-ridged venus, almeja roñosa de risco

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 1985, 2012; Gusick and Davis 2010:44; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200; Rosales and Fujita 2000:114, 117, 119, 153)
    • Bahía Concepción area (DuShane 1981:14; Fujita 1985; Ritter 1979:347)

 

Persististrombus granulatus - conch

  • Previous designation: Strombus granulatus
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (tools) (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74; Fujita 1985, 2008c:43-44, 2008d:312, 2010b:20, 26; 2012, 2013; Fujita and Bulhusen 2014; Fujita and Poyatos 1998:76-94; Gusick and Davis 2010:44; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 201; Rosales and Fujita 2000:115, 118, 120-121, 144, 153, 159; Sánchez et al. 2008:87, 90, 100)
    • Bahía Concepción area (DuShane 1981:16; Fujita 1985; Ritter 1979:543)

 

Pinctada sp. - pearl oyster, madreperla

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1994b; Ritter 1995)

 

Pinctada mazatlanica - pearl oyster, madreperla

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- cooked, eaten; pearls are worn (Barco 1973:140; Clavijero 1937:97; Venegas 1943(1):60, 75, 77)
    • Pericú -- taken by diving; used in ornaments in hair (Andrews 1979:65, 68)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (ornaments, tools) (Belding 1885:22; Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74; DuShane 1984:70; Fujita 1985, 1995a:7, 2006a:86, 94-95, 97; 2008b, 2008c:42-45, 47, 2008d:312, 2010b:19-21, 23-25, 2012, 2013g; Fujita and Bulhusen 2014; Fujita and Poyatos 1998:74-94, 2007:34; Gusick and Davis 2010:44; Molto et al. 2007:83-84, 86-87; Raab and Boxt 2007:7; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200; Rosales and Fujita 2000:40, 42-43, 114, 117, 119, 121, 143, 147, 152-153, 159; Sánchez et al. 2008:100)
    • Bahía Concepción area (ornaments) (DuShane 1981:14; Fujita 1985; Ritter 1979:340-351, 386, 542, 2006b:103, 115, 2008:27; Ritter and Schulz 1975:46-47)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:296; Hyland 1997:326)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Fujita 1985)

 

Pinna rugosa - pen shell, callo de hacha

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74; Fujita 2012; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200; Rosales and Fujita 2000:113-114, 117, 119, 153; Sánchez et al. 2008:100)
    • Bahía Concepción area (DuShane 1981:14; Ritter 1979:542; Ritter and Schulz 1975:47)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Davis 1968:201)

 

Pitar sp. - pitar

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Northern Sierras (Guía 2005:276; Oviedo 2008:145)

 

Pitar alternatus - pitar

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200)

 

Pitar vulneratus - pitar

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200)

 

Plicopurpura pansa - rocksnail

  • Previous designation: Purpura pansa
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 201; Rosales and Fujita 2000:153)

 

Pocillopora sp. - coral

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Gusick and Davis 2010:44)

 

Pododesmus macroschismus - Pacific false jingle

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Shor 1980:9)

 

Polinices sp. - moon snail

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:541, 543)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1994b; Ritter 1997)

 

Polinices bifasciatus - moon snail

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 1985)

 

Polinices recluzianus - see Glossaulax reclusiana

Pollicipes polymerus - leaf barnacle

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Shor 1980:9-10)

 

Pomaurax gibberosus - red turban

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2008a:53, 2010c:126, 148)

 

Protothaca grata

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • San Felipe area (Celis 2015)

 

Protothaca staminea - Pacific littleneck

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Cota and Guía 2013)

 

Psammotreta viridotincta sp. - tellin, tallerina

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 1985)

 

Pseudochama sp. - jewelbox

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Gusick and Davis 2010:44)
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Robles and Téllez 2013)

 

Pseudochama exogyra - Pacific jewelbox

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:146-148)
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Cota and Guía 2013; Shor 1980:9)

 

Pseudochama inermis - jewelbox

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200)

 

Pseudochama saavedrai - jewelbox

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 1985)

 

Pseudozonaria annettae - Annette's cowry

  • Previous designation: Cypraea annettae
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 1985; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200)
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:343, 543)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:295; Hyland 1997:325)

 

Pteria sp. - oyster

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1994b, 1995b, 1997)

 

Pteria sterna - Pacific winged oyster

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:296; Hyland 1997:326)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Davis 1968:201)
    • San Felipe area (Téllez et al. 2008a:13)

 

Puncturella punctocostata - dot-rib puncturella

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:543)

 

Purpura pansa - see Plicopurpura pansa

Purpura patula - widemouth rock snail

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 1995a:8)

 

Saccostrea palmula - oyster

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Sánchez et al. 2008:100)

 

Scutellastra mexicana - giant Mexican limpet

  • Previous designation: Ancistromesus mexicanus
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 1985)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:295; Hyland 1997:325)

 

Semele sp. - semele

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:147)

 

Semele flavescens - semele

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (DuShane 1981:14; Ritter 1979:543)

 

Semicassis centiquadrata - helmet

  • Previous designation: Cassis centiquadrata
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 1995a:8; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:199, 201)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:295; Hyland 1997:325)

 

Septifer bifurcatus - bifurcate mussel

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:148)
    • El Rosario-San Quintín area (Moore 2008b:332, 336)
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Cota and Guía 2013; Cuadra 2007; Killingley 1980:20; Shor 1980:9-10)

 

Serpulorbis sp. - wormsnail

  • Archaeological occurrence
    • Cape Region (Fujita 2010b:21
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:543)

 

Serpulorbis margaritaceus - wormsnail

  • Archaeological occurrence
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter and Schulz 1975:47)

 

Solen sp. - jackknife clam

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2008b:63)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1994b; Ritter 1995b; Ritter 1997)

 

Solen rostriformis - rosy jackknife clam

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Banks 1972:22)

 

Spondylus sp. - spiny oyster

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1995b)

 

Spondylus calcifer - see Spondylus limbatus

Spondylus crassisquama - spiny oyster

  • Previous designation: Spondylus princeps
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74; Fujita 1985, 1995a:7, 2010b:19, 2012, 2013g; Fujita and Poyatos 1998:91; Gusick and Davis 2010:44; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200; Rosales and Fujita 2000:114, 117, 119, 121, 143, 147, 152-153, 159)
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:541-542)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Fujita 1985)

 

Spondylus limbatus - spiny oyster

  • Previous designation: Spondylus calcifer
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita and Poyatos 1998:91; Gusick and Davis 2010:44; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200)
    • Bahía Concepción area (DuShane 1981:14, 16; Ritter 1979:542; Ritter and Schulz 1975:47)

 

Spondylus leucacanthus - spiny oyster

  • Previous designation: Spondylus ursipes
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200)
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:542)

 

Spondylus princeps - seeSpondylus crassisquama

Spondylus ursipes - see Spondylus leucacanthus

Stenoplax sp. - chiton

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:100, 102, 126, 139, 146-148, 152)

 

Stenoplax conspicua - chiton

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Banks 1972:22; Des Lauriers 2010c:136-137)

 

Strigilla sp. - tellin

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:541, 543)

 

Striostrea prismatica - rock oyster

  • Previous designation: Ostrea iridescens
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200)

 

Strombus sp. - conch, caracol de uña

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Foster 1984:64; Ritter 1994b, 1995b)
    • Laguna Chapala area (Ritter et al. 1984:25)

 

Strombus galeatus - see Lobatus galeatus

Strombus gracilior - eastern Pacific fighting conch, caracol de uña

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (tools) (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74; Fujita 1985, 1995a:6-7, 2008c:42-44, 2008d:312, 2010b:20, 26, 2012, 2013g; Fujita and Bulhusen 2014; Fujita and Poyatos 1998:91, 94; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 201; Rosales and Fujita 2000:44, 115, 118, 120-121, 144, 147, 152-153, 159; Sánchez et al. 2008:90, 100)
    • Bahía Concepción area (DuShane 1981:16; Fujita 1985; Ritter 1979:543)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:296; Hyland 1997:326)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Davis 1968:201; Fujita 1985; Ritter et al. 1994:5, 1995)

 

Strombus granulatus - Persististrombus granulatus

Strongylocentrotus sp. - erizo de mar

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Cota and Guía 2013)

 

Tagelus sp. - gari, almeja navaja

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Rosales and Fujita 2000:114, 117, 119; Sánchez et al. 2008:100)
    • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2008b:63)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1995b, 1997; Ritter et al. 1994:5, 9-10, 1995)

 

Tagelus californianus - jackknife clam

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (DuShane 1981:14)

 

Tagelus violascens - gari

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74, 78)

 

Tegula sp. - top, caracol turbante

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:296; Hyland 1997:326)
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2008a:532010c:100, 102, 126, 136-137, 146-147, 152)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles (Ritter 1997)
    • Northern Sierras (Téllez 1987:114)
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Cota and Guía 2013; Oviedo and Guía 2009:1)

 

Tegula eiseni - western banded top

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:148)

 

Tegula funebralis - top

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Cota and Guía 2013; Robles and Téllez 2013)

 

Tegula gallina - speckled top

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:148)
      • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Cota and Guía 2013)

     

    Tegula rugosa - rough top

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:296; Hyland 1997:326)
      • Bahía de los Ángeles (Davis 1968:201)
      • San Felipe area (Celis 2015; Téllez et al. 2008a:13)

     

    Tellina sp. - tellin

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74; Rosales and Fujita 2000:114, 144)

     

    Tellina coani - tellin

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:543)

     

    Terebra sp. - auger

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74; Gusick and Davis 2010:44; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:199, 201; Rosales and Fujita 2000:115, 118, 120, 144)

     

    Terebra allyni - auger

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:295; Hyland 1997:325)

     

    Thais sp. - dogwinkle

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1997)

     

    Thais biserialis - dogwinkle

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74; Fujita 1985, 1995a:8; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 201; Rosales and Fujita 2000:115, 118, 120, 143, 153, 159; Sánchez et al. 2008:100)
      • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:146-148, 152)

     

    Thais emarginata

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Robles and Téllez 2013)

     

    Thais kiosquiformis - dogwinkle

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Cape Region (Fujita 2007)

     

    Thais planospira - eye of Judas

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74; Fujita 1995a:8; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 201; Rosales and Fujita 2000:115, 118, 120, 143, 153, 159; Sánchez et al. 2008:100)

     

    Thais speciosa - dogwinkle

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Cape Region (Fujita 1995a:8; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 201; Rosales and Fujita 2000:153)

     

    Theodoxus luteofasciatus - nerite

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:337-342)

     

    Tivela sp. - venus

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Cape Region (Gusick and Davis 2010:44; Sánchez et al. 2008:100)
      • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:69)

     

    Tivela byronensis - venus

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Cape Region (Fujita 1995a:7; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200)
      • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:296; Hyland 1997:326)

     

    Tivela delesserti - venus

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:296; Hyland 1997:326)

     

    Tivela stultorum - Pismo clam

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:296; Hyland 1997:326)
      • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:72, 74-76, 82, 84, 136-137, 146-147, 153-154)
      • El Rosario-San Quintín area (Guía et al. 2013; Hubbs et al. 1962:217, 232-233; Moore 2006:188, 2008a:31, 2008b:330, 332, 336; Suess 1954:467)
      • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Cuadra 2007; Hubbs et al. 1960:204-205, 1965:112; Shor 1980:10; Suess 1954:468)

     

    Trachycardium sp. - cockle

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1994b, 1995b, 1997; Tyree 1998:47)
      • Laguga Chapala area (Ritter et al. 1984:25)
      • El Rosario-San Quintín area (Moore 2006)
      • San Felipe area (Douglas 1981:67)

     

    Trachycardium consors - scaly cockle, berberecho consorte

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74; Fujita 1985, 2012; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200; Rosales and Fujita 2000:114, 117, 119; Sánchez et al. 2008:100)
      • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:542)

     

    Trachycardium panamense - see Trachycardium procerum

    Trachycardium procerum - gulf cockle, berberecho mexicano

    • Previous designation: Trachycardium panamense
    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74; Fujita 1985, 1995a:6, 2008d:312; Gusick and Davis 2010:44; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 200; Rosales and Fujita 2000:44, 113-114, 117, 119, 144, 152, 159; Sánchez et al. 2008:87, 100)
      • Bahía Concepción area (DuShane 1981:14; Fujita 1985; Ritter 1979:347, 542)
      • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:295Hyland 1997:325)
      • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Davis 1968:201; Fujita 1985)
      • El Rosario-San Quintín area (Moore 2008a:31)
      • San Felipe area (Fujita 1985)

     

    Trigoniocardia biangulata sp. - cockle, berbecho

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Cape Region (Gusick and Davis 2010:44)

     

    Triplofusus sp.

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Cape Region (tools) (Fujita and Bulhusen 2014)

     

    Triplofusus princeps - tulip, caracol chile

    • Previous designation: Fasciolaria princeps
    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Cape Region (tools) (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74; Fujita 1985, 1995a:7, 2006a:94, 97, 2008c:43, 2008d:312, 316; Fujita and Bulhusen 2014; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 201; Rosales and Fujita 2000:115, 118, 120, 143, 159)
      • Bahía Concepción area (Fujita 1985)
      • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:296; Hyland 1997:326)

     

    Tripsycha tulipa sp. - worm snail

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Cape Region (Fujita 1985)

     

    Trivia sp. - sea button

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter and Schulz 1975:47)

     

    Turbo sp. - turban

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:296; Hyland 1997:326)
      • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1994b, 1997)

     

    Turbo fluctuosus - turban, caracol porcelana

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Cape Region (Castellanos and Cruz 1995:74; Fujita 1985, 2008d:312, 2010b:19-20, 26, 2012; Fujita and Poyatos 1998:91; Gusick and Davis 2010:44; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 201; Rosales and Fujita 2000:44, 115, 118, 120-121, 143-144, 147, 159, 159; Sánchez et al. 2008:87, 90, 100)
      • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:543)
      • Central Sierras (Fujita 1985; Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:186-187, 231, 234, 238, 241, 290, 296-297; Hyland 1997:182, 185, 189-191, 194, 243-244, 326, 2006:130-131; Meighan 1966:391)
      • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2008a:532010c:136-137)
      • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Davis 1968:201; Fujita 1985)
      • San Felipe area (Porcayo 2010:8; Celis 2015; Téllez et al. 2008a:13)

     

    Turritella sp. - turret

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Cape Region (Gusick and Davis 2010:44; Sánchez et al. 2008:100)
      • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1997)
      • Northern Sierras (Téllez 1987:113)

     

    Turritella anactor - turret

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Cape Region (Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:199, 201)

     

    Turritella gonostoma - turret

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Cape Region (Rosales and Fujita 2000:44)

     

    Turritella lentiginosa - turret

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:543)

     

    Turritella leucostoma - turret

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Cape Region (Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:199, 201)

     

    Turritella nodulosa - nodular turret

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:543)

     

    Uvanilla unguis - turban

    • Previous designation: Astraea unguis
    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Cape Region (Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 201)

     

    Vasum caestus - vase snail

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Cape Region (Fujita 1985; Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:199, 201)

     

    Vermetus contortus - wormsnail

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter and Schulz 1974:47)

     

    Vokesimurex recurvirostris - bent-beak murex

    • Previous designation: Murex recurvirostris
    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Cape Region (Reygadas Dahl and Velázquez Ramírez 2005:198, 201)

     

    COMMON NAME OR HIGHER TAXON ONLYbarnacle, Cirripedia

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:100, 102, 148, 150)
      • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Davis 2007b:62, 68-69, 2008:144-145)

     

    chiton, Polyplacophora

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Cape Region (Fujita 2010b:20
      • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2008a:53)

     

    clam, almeja; ml'a (Kiliwa); espái (Paipai); swi:, suwi (Cocopa); tikail, kaimišxwok, ki:xul (Kumeyaay)

    • Ethnographic testimony:
      • Kiliwa -- collected, dried; carried inland (Meigs 1939:27)
      • Paipai -- collected, dried; carried inland (Hohenthal 2001:333)
      • Cocopa -- collected; shells are used as knives (Castetter and Bell 1951:218, 223; Gifford 1933:272; Kelly 1977:68; Kniffen 1931:54)
      • Kumeyaay -- sun-dried, ground, drilled; espái (Paipai) used for bead, pendant, souvenir (Hohenthal 2001:206, 219; Shipek 1991:29, 56-57)

     

    coral, Anthozoa

    • Archaeological occurrence
      • Cape Region (tools) (Fujita 2008c:43, 2010b:21)

     

    cowrie, cauri, Cypraeidae

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Cape Region (Stewart et al. 1998:6)

     

    crab, cangrejo, jaiba, Brachyura, Potamidae

    • Ethnographic testimony:
      • Kumeyaay -- eaten (Shipek 1991:28)
    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Cape Region (Fujita 2010b:20; Gusick and Davis 2010:44; Rosales and Fujita 2000:121-123, 153, 160)
      • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:296; Hyland 1997:199, 326)
      • Vizcaíno Desert (Ritter 2006c:148)
      • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1997, 1998:17)

     

    cuttlefish, jibia, Sepiida

    • Ethnographic testimony:
      • general Baja California -- eaten (Barco 1973:207)

     

    feather star, Crinoidea

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1997)

     

    keyhole limpet, Fissurellidae

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Cape Region (Gusick and Davis 2010:44)
      • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1994b, 1995b)

     

    lobster, langosta, Nephropidae; milykama:w (Kumeyaay)

    lucine, Lucinidae

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1994b)

     

    mitre snail, Mitridae

    • Archaeological occurrence:
        Cape Region (Gusick and Davis 2010:44)

     

    moon snail, Naticidae

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1995b)

     

    octopus, pulpo, Octopoda; xilketa:t (Kumeyaay)

    oyster, ostión

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Cape Region (Carmean and Molto 1991:27-28, 32; Stewart et al. 1998:3, 6; Tyson 1979:21)
      • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 2006b:111)

     

    rock snail, Muricidae

    • Archaeological occurrence:
        Cape Region (Gusick and Davis 2010:44)

      • San Felipe area (Porcayo 2010:8; Téllez et al. 2008a:13)

     

    sea urchin, erizo de mar, Echinoidea

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Cape Region (Fujita 2006a:92, 2010b:20; Rosales and Fujita 2000:121-123, 153, 160)
      • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:231, 234, 296)
      • Northern Sierras (Guía 2005:276; Guía and Oviedo 2008:170)
      • San Vicente-Ensenada area (Oviedo and Guía 2009:1)

     

    shellfish, marisco

    • Ethnographic testimony:
      • Cocopa -- shells are used in beads, pendants hung from the nose (Gifford 1933:279; Kelly 1977:57, 132)
      • Kumeyaay -- cleaned, cut, dried, salted, boiled (Hohenthal 2001:149; Shipek 1991:28)

     

    shrimp, camarón; tsmiil (Kiliwa); ki"taš (Kumeyaay)

    • Ethnographic testimony:
      • Kumeyaay -- eaten (Shipek 1991:29)

     

    starfish, estrella de mar, Asteroidea; ci:kwelyap (Kumeyaay)

    • Ethnographic testimony:
      • Kumeyaay -- stomach is eaten (Shipek 1991:28)

     

    top snail, Trochidae

    • Archaeological occurrence:
        Cape Region (Gusick and Davis 2010:44)

     

    whelk, Buccinidae

    • Archaeological occurrence:
      • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Ritter 1994b)

(Updated 08/27/12)

Aphonopelma sp. - tarantula; npi'kwhut (Kiliwa); sxa:nyú:p (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- eaten (Aschmann 1966:91)

 

Centruroides sculpturatus - bark scorpion; scrak (Cocopa)

Efferia sp. - robber fly; xù:mknya:wí (Cocopa)

Eleodes sp. - dung beetle, pinacate; cphi' (Kiliwa); sxmnan (Cocopa)

Eremobates sp. - sun spider; 'awí šcak (Cocopa)

Eumenes sp. - potter wasp; š'à:kpá:y, š'à:pá:y ("carry sand") (Cocopa)

Hadrurus hirsutus - desert hairy scorpion; mni:š patay, mni:š ptay (Cocopa)

Hiles lineata - white-lined sphinx moth; mtay (Kiliwa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- entrails are squeezed out; pit-baked, reboiled, parched, eaten (Castetter and Bell 1951:214)

 

Labidura riparia - riparian earwig; nyšyuly kwsaqúl (Cocopa)

Latrodectus mactans - black widow spider; 'wi''ilkwnyiir ("black spider") (Kiliwa); xlycuc nyi:ly ("black spider") (Cocopa)

Moneilema gigas - cactus longhorn beetle; xmu:kwí:r (Cocopa)

Musca domestica - housefly; sxlymu (Cocopa); c'in (Kiliwa)

Myrmeleon sp. - ant lion; màykapí:l (Cocopa)

Prionus heroicus - Prionus beetle; yà:šku:nú (Cocopa)

Scolopendra heros - red-headed centipede; nyi:cí:t lyax, nyi:cí:t maxá:p (Cocopa)

Stagmomantis sp. - praying mantis; kàkmlá:lp (Cocopa)

Tabanus sp. - horsefly; xu'áw (Cocopa)

Taeniopoda eques - horse lubber grasshopper; lyxmpat (Cocopa)

Thasus acutangulus - giant mesquite bug; kwšckil, šckil (Cocopa)

Vaejovis spinigerus - striped-tailed scorpion; mni:š patay, mni:š ptay (Cocopa)

COMMON NAME OR HIGHER TAXON ONLYant, hormiga, Formicidae; kl'mayup, tipaa, tipaaasnpin, t'msin, xnalkhwaskhwas, xnalkhwaskhwaskwumiiy (Kiliwa); šmuyúly, šmoyu:l, lyxmšur, ma:nyxát, mat kau:R, helmišu:R (Cocopa); chidasil (Kumeyaay)

aphid, afídido, Aphidoidea; nyehar (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- honeydew is boiled, eaten (Castetter and Bell 1951:218; Kelly 1977:32)

 

butterfly, mariposa; kuuxtap, ta'su'han (Kiliwa); meskwalyap (Kumeyaay)

caterpillar, azotador; nyawí: lmis (Cocopa).

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- toasted, eaten (Baegert 1952:70, 1982:221-222)

 

centipede, ciempiés, Chilopoda; 'a:m ka:xá:p (Cocopa)

cicada, Cicadidae, chicharra; xanawaa (Kiliwa)

cockroach, cucaracha, Blattaria; nyawí klpa:lá:p (Cocopa)

corn worm; knyak (Cocopa)

cricket, grillo; mkanyúny (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- eaten (Baegert 1952:66)

 

dragonfly, cigarrón; kwa'kwlaw, x'iirsmuulqkwwaquq ("alights on tansy foam") (Kiliwa); skwa:tí:t, sxwa:tít (Cocopa)

flea, pulga, Siphonaptera; wa''il (Kiliwa); wa'i:l (Kumeyaay)

grasshopper, saltamontes; xnkpaap, ny'iykwpqhawtay ("hair cutter") (Kiliwa); tumaú (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- eaten (Baegert 1952:66)
    • Kumeyaay -- roasted, eaten; used as fishing bait (Gifford 1931:13, 26, 48; Hohenthal 2001:157; Shipek 1991:33; Spier 1923:299)

 

insect, insecto, Insecta. Insect species: kwx'uxu, xnalkhwaskhwas (Kiliwa); 'ará:s škawá:nyk, šàmkwl'áy, šaxpašíw, šxmkwar, hanyao, homkwinyawi, kwiscakil, màtka'ú:r (Cocopa).

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- grubs are gutted, braided into strings, roasted, stored, eaten (Aschmann 1966:79)
    • Cocopa -- secretion of tiny green bug on melon leaves and cane is eaten (Kelly 1977:32, 125, 132)
    • Kumeyaay -- grubs are eaten (Hohenthal 2001:156-157)

 

hornet, avispón; tkwmiiywalu'kwal (Kiliwa)

inchworm; kwsn'iwk (Kiliwa)

locust, chapulín; xanyáw, hanyou (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- thrown in fire, toasted, ground, eaten (Aschmann 1966:80; Barco 1973:40-41; Clavijero 1937:65, 93)
    • Kumeyaay -- roasted, eaten (Hohenthal 2001:157)

 

louse, piojo. Body louse: xanycp'íly (Cocopa). Head louse: x'ciil (Kiliwa); nyi'íly, 'i'íly (Cocopa); i:l (Kumeyaay). Shirt louse: xan pa i:l (Kumeyaay).

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- eaten (Aschmann 1966:80; Baegert 1952:85; Barco 1973:206; Longinos 1961:26)
    • Cocopa -- eaten (Gifford 1933:269)

 

mesquite worm; 'haa'il (Kiliwa)

millipede, milpiés; 'mi'kwsxpal (Kiliwa)

mosquito, Culicidae; šxmpu:l (Cocopa); cwaas (Kiliwa)

moth, cigarrón; a'aukupojúm (Kiliwa)

scorpion, alacrán, Scorpiones; tis (Paipai); mni:š (Cocopa); mikni (Kumeyaay)

spider, araña, Araneae; xlycuc, heltuts (Cocopa). Varieties: ny'uuwnymi'kwlxwaak, 'wi''il ("snake vermin") (Kiliwa).

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- mashed, eaten (Aschmann 1966:63; Baegert 1952:85; Baegert 1982:222; Barco 1973:206; Clavijero 1937:93)

 

tick, garrapata, Ixodides

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- eaten (Aschmann 1966:80)

 

wasp, avispa; sxmpa: (Cocopa); cpaaw, cpaaw tay, tpkwis (Kiliwa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- grubs are eaten (Aschmann 1966:83; Clavijero 1937:61)

 

water beetle; xanyknyás, knyas (Cocopa)

worm, gusano; 'mi', t'il (Kiliwa).

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- cleaned, roasted, strung, stored, eaten (Baegert 1952:66; Barco 1973:36, 59, 206; Clavijero 1937:61, 93)

 

(Updated September 16, 2012)

Abies concolor - white fir, abeto del Colorado, pino blanco; kumwálo (Kiliwa)

Abronia villosa - desert sand verbena

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- used as a diuretic (Almstedt 1977:27)

 

Acacia sp.

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:301)

 

Acacia brandegeana - agigandú (Cochimí)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- seed is harvested in May-June; toasted, ground, eaten (Barco 1973:71; Clavijero 1937:39-40)

 

Acacia greggii - catsclaw, uña de gato; wilták, wltaaq (Kiliwa); kwa'áq (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Paipai -- wood is used for throwing stick (Hinton 1975:218; Koerper et al. 1998:73)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area area (Ritter 1979:591-595)

 

Adenostoma sp. - chamise, valeriana; peljú, pl'xuw, t-sí (Kiliwa)

Adenostoma fasciculatum - chamise, greasewood, chamiso prieto; iipshí, pxí, peši, hamuchi (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- green branch is heated, straightened, and whittled; charcoal is applied to tattoo; used as arrow foreshaft; used as firewood, fuel for roasting agave; branch is used in house roof, granary (Hinton 1975:217; Hohenthal 2001:156; Spier 1923:338, 342, 347, 352)

 

Adenostoma sparsifolium - redshank, ribbonwood, chamiso colorado; p'iil (Kiliwa); hpúull, hpu'úull, hapurl (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- used as tea for colic and as mouthwash; firewood; leaf is used for toilet paper (Hinton 1975:217; Hohenthal 2001:209)

 

Adiantum sp. - maidenhair fern

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- used to treat wounds and ulcers (Longinos 1961:25)

 

Agave sp. - agave, mescal; kennai (Guaycura); jechá't'kn-yám, 'm'al, 'm'aly, pnyaa, pphaw, pupáu, amal (Kiliwa); iyál xán, yêl (Paipai); m'aly, amal (Cocopa); ma:š, ma:l, EmáL (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- flower is used for juice; head, root, or trunk is harvested in October-April, cut, harvested with a bone tool, carried in a net; roasted, baked, eaten; leaf is sucked, chewed for moisture, cut, heated; quid is ground, eaten; fiber from leaf is used in cordage, basket, sandal, woman's skirt, fishing net, carrying net (Aschmann 1966:53-54, 83-84, 92; Baegert 1952:66, 69, 1982:134, 143; Barco 1973:43, 121-125, 180, 190; Burrus 1966:45, 64, 1967:46, 1984:79, 86; Clavijero 1937:51-52, 99; Longinos 1961:41; Ortega 1944:391-392; Sales 1956:15, 29-30; Venegas 1943(1):77, 81-82, (2):275)
    • Kiliwa -- stalk is roasted in a stone-lined pit; honey is used for sweetening; fiber from leaf is acquired by baking green leaf in a pit, husking, cleaning by pulling between pieces of wood, soaking, and twisting by rubbing on rawhide; fiber is used for brush, headdress, belt of woman's skirt, human-hair cape; stalk is used as a torch; leaf is used in drying abalone (Hohenthal 2001:332-333)
    • Paipai -- harvested in April-May; stalk is roasted in an earth oven; pounded, dried; leaf is roasted, scraped, rolled for cordage; fiber is used for sandal, breechclout, belt, carrying net, bindings, bow strings, cradleboard pads (Bendímez 1989:25, 48; Gifford and Lowie 1928:352; Hohenthal 2001:321, 323; Michelsen 1970a:1; Michelsen 1970b:42; Michelsen 1974:39-40; Smith 1971:38)
    • Cocopa -- harvested beginning in April or in August-September; stalk is pit-roasted, pounded in a mortar, made into cakes; fiber is used as cordage and for sandal (Gifford 1933:261, 267, 275, 277; Kelly 1977:24, 40; Kniffen 1931:54)
    • Kumeyaay -- harvested in April and May; stalk is pried from ground with sharpened stake; stalk or root is roasted in an earth oven, made into cake; leaf is dried, pounded between stones, twisted to separate fibers, stripped of flesh, soaked, rolled on thigh, pounded, braided, woven; sap is stored in ollas; fiber is used for cordage, string, rabbit net, fish net, quail net, carrying net, bag, man's basketry cap, rabbitskin blanket, sandal, bird cage, to tie together cracked ceramic vessel, in hoop for pole-and-hoop game; pounded fiber from leaf is used as a brush; fiber is used in tanning deer skin; used in paint on faces and mourning ceremony images (Almstedt 1968:4-5; Davis 1919:10, 17-18; Gifford 1931:23, 60; Hohenthal 2001:139, 156, 170, 174, 176, 178-180, 218-219; Meigs 1972:37, 38-40, 70; Shipek 1991:29, 31, 37, 57; Spier 1923:308, 335, 337, 340, 341-342, 344-346, 349, 353, 355)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Belding 1885:22)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:200, 203, 214-215, 222, 274, 276, 279, 298-299, 301-302; Hyland 1997:147-150, 157-159, 162-165, 173, 310-311)
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:122)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Tyson 1973b:33)

 

Agave deserti - desert agave, mescal, maguey de desierto; jechá' (Kiliwa); ma'al (Cocopa); 'emally, amul (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa -- heart is roasted in a stone-lined pit, sun-dried, eaten as a major plant food; fiber is used for rope, cord, fishing line, carrying net, rabbit net, sandal, rabbitskin blanket (Meigs 1939:9, 11, 22-24, 35-36)
    • Cocopa -- crown is pit-baked, eaten (Castetter and Bell 1951:201-202)
    • Kumeyaay -- harvested in late winter or early spring; stalk or root is cooked in earth oven, covered with agave leaves, pealed, eaten (Almstedt 1968:10; Hedges 1986:13)

 

Agave shawi - coastal agave, maguey primavera

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (cordage) (Des Lauriers 2006a:163)

 

Agropyron sp. - wheatgrass

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:299)

 

Amaranthus sp. - pigweed

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Pericú -- seed is ground, eaten (Andrews 1979:42, 66-67, 99)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:298-299, 301-302)

 

Amaranthus caudatus - love-lies-bleeding, quilete; koa:p (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- seed is used; green is baked, eaten (Castetter and Bell 1951:187, 189, 200-201)

 

Amaranthus palmeri - quelite, careless weed, redroot, bledo; kwa:p, koa:p, xpši: (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- green is harvested in June-August, baked or boiled, eaten; seed is threshed, winnowed, stored, parched, ground on a metate; leached; added to boiling water to make a mush; used in fish stew; baked as cake (Castetter and Bell 1951:189-190, 200-201; Gifford 1933:267; Kelly 1977:24, 36-37, 43; Kniffen 1931:52-53)

 

Amaranthus retroflexus - careless weed

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- food (Hohenthal 2001:117)

 

Ambrosia psilostachya - ragweed, cotafiata; kwináaw shpóq (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- leaf is used in tea for stomach ache (Hinton 1975:219)

 

Ammi visnaga - toothpickweed

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cochimí -- thorn is used to tattoo (Longinos 1961:37)

 

Ammobroma sp. - sandroot; oyét (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- root is dried, boiled, baked, stripped of bark, eaten (Castetter and Bell 1951:207-209)

 

Amsinckia sp. - fiddleneck; kacú:l nympaly ("lizard tongue") (Cocopa); hakuhaa (Kumeyaay) (cf. Heliotropium sp.)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- stem and leaf are boiled and used to treat dandruff (Hedges 1986:13)

 

Anemopsis californica - lizard-tail, yerba mansa; (mj)ál, ''maal, 'a'mhaal (Kiliwa); eskis (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa -- root is used in drink to treat cough or catarrh; leaf is used in compress for headache (Meigs 1939:10)
    • Kumeyaay -- seed is pulverized in a mortar, cooked as mush or baked as bread, eaten; leaf is applied to burn; used as medicine (Almstedt 1977:22; Gifford 1931:24; Hedges 1986:15)

 

Annona glabra - corcho, cork

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- wood is used for fishing raft (Clavijero 1937:50, 100)

 

Antigonon leptopus - coral vine, San Miguelito; teddá (Cochimí)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- seed is collected in October, stored, toasted with coals, ground, eaten; husk is winnowed, cooked (Aschmann 1952:35-36, 1966:81; Barco 1973:106; Clavijero 1937:41)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 2008c:43; Stewart et al. 1998:8)

 

Apocynum sp. - dogbane

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area area (Ritter 1979:356; Schulz 1977:28)
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Tyson 1973b:33)

 

Arctostaphylos sp. - manzanita; j-síl (Kiliwa); kemu:l, hesill, xaasil (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa -- berry is collected in June and July, crushed, ground, eaten raw (Smith 1971:36)
    • Kumeyaay -- berry is cracked, ground, made into a drink; leaf is boiled and drunk as a tea to treat kidneys; root is used as firewood. Cf. Xylococcus bicolor (Hedges 1986:15; Hohenthal 2001:136, 155; Shipek 1991:31, 70; Spier 1923:339)

 

Arctostaphylos glauca - bigberry manzanita; hmsúr, hm'súr (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- fruit is used for food; branch is used as a broom, firewood (Hinton 1975:219)

 

Arctostaphylos pungens - pointleaf manzanita; xsil (Kiliwa); hw'sílly, hosi:l, hosil (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- fruit is eaten; fruit is crushed, used in beverage (Hinton 1975:219; Hohenthal 2001:135-136, 155)

 

Argemone sp. - prickly poppy, chicalote

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- seed is ground, applied to sore (Almstedt 1977:23)

 

Argythamnia brandegeei - Sonoran silverbush

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:591, 593)

 

Aristida sp. - threeawn

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:592, 594)

 

Aristolochia sp. - Indian root

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- aplied externally to treat headache (Longinos 1961:25)

 

Aristolochia pentandra - Indian root

  • general Baja California -- used to treat wound and ulcer (Longinos 1961:24-25)

 

Artemisia sp. - sagebrush, artemisia; 'phuw (Kiliwa); aha:l šilpak, hpáaq, kapháaw, pháaw, kuchash (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- leaf is ground and used as a poultice for ant bite, in a hot tea to treat a cold or colic; dried and used like tobacco for smoking (Hinton 1975:220; Hohenthal 2001:278; Shipek 1991:85)

 

Artemisia californica - coastal sagebrush; pu (Kiliwa). Meigs 1939:12.

Arundo sp. - reed, carrizo; xca (Cocopa); j-tá', 'xta' (Kiliwa); j'tá, tamu: (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- root is eaten; used for arrow foreshaft, raft, woman's clothing, cap (Aschmann 1966:94-95; Baegert 1952:57, 66, 1982:138, 202; Barco 1973:72, 186-187, 194, 201; Burrus 1984:86; Clavijero 1937:51, 96-99; Ortega 1944:401; Sales 1956:30; Venegas 1943(1):77)
    • Pericú -- used in house construction, for arrow (Andrews 1979:37, 40, 65)
    • Kiliwa -- used for woman's cap, arrow shaft, whistle or flute; used in nose piercing (Meigs 1939:11, 30, 35, 45, 48-49, 53)
    • Kumeyaay -- cut green, pith is punched out, and used as a cigarette; used for arrow shaft; used in house construction, boat, sleeping mat (Hohenthal 2001:143, 281; Meigs 1972:36; Shipek 1991:25, 29, 31; Spier 1923:351)

 

Arundo donax - carrizo

  • Archaeological occurrence: Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:333, 364)

 

Asclepias subulata - desert milkweed, ajamete; axor, ahóRL, ckaú (Kumeyaay). Variety: ahóRLnymcp (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- used in cordage (Longinos 1961:36)
    • Kumeyaay -- scraped, mashed, rolled; fiber is used as sewing cord, string for bullroarer and bow, cord in ceremony and for apron and rabbitskin blanket; used as plug for cigarette tube (Hohenthal 2001:178; Spier 1923:304, 320, 322, 340, 342-343, 346-347, 350)

 

Aster sp. - aster; txm'uš, txm'u:š (Cocopa)

Astragalus sp. - locoweed, garabancillo; i-úkumón, ny'yuwkwmuun, yuwkw'muun (Kiliwa)

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:299)

 

Atriplex sp. - saltbush

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:299)

 

Atriplex californica - California saltbush

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- leaf and stem are ground and used as a poultice for ant bite; leaf is boiled in tea for stomach ache (Shipek 1991:85)

 

Atriplex canescens - shadscale, saltbush; p'ayu (Kiliwa); p'ay (Cocopa); ti'llyíll (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- leaf is used for soap (Hinton 1975:217)

 

Atriplex lentiformis - quailbush; pa'pai (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- fruit is gathered in November, beaten with a stick; seed is collected in a basket, pounded, winnowed, soaked, pit-baked, parched, ground, boiled into a mush (Castetter and Bell 1951:187-189)

 

Atriplex polycarpa - desert saltbush

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- fruit is gathered in November, pounded in a mortar, winnowed (Castetter and Bell 1951:187, 189)

 

Atriplex torreyi - Torrey saltbush; apai (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- seed is pounded with a wooden mortar and stone pestle, winnowed, pulverized in a metate, soaked, cooked in an earth pit, eaten; sometimes stored (Gifford 1931:24)

 

Baccharis salicifolia - mule's fat, guatamote; demwal (Kiliwa); tamwáal, hamuzi (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa -- leaf is heated in grease and applied to boils; wood is used for fire-making drill and hearth, firewood (Meigs 1939:10-11, 29)
    • Kumeyaay -- leaf and branch tip are crushed and used in a drink for aching kidney; leaf and bud tip are cooked in water and salt and used as a poultice for bruise, sore, wound, or sting; used as thatching material for house, granary, mourning ramada (Hinton 1975:220; Hohenthal 2001:181, 195, 268-269, 279)

 

Baccharis sarothroides - broom baccharis, yerba del pasmo, escoba amarga; kwpsnqhawp, kumóm (Kiliwa); 'i:xwír (Cocopa); sa'máll kwsi'yáay (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- used in tea for cough or stomach ache (Hinton 1975:220)

 

Batis maritima - saltwort; millykami (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- leaf and stem are chewed for moisture; boiled, eaten (Shipek 1991:86)

 

Boerhavia sp. - spiderling

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:298-299, 301)

 

Brahea armata - Mexican blue palm

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:299)

 

Brickellia californica - California brickellbush, yerba de vaca; sa'máll hwák, kuwak nešamak (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- used in tea for fever, chill, ague (Hinton 1975:220; Hohenthal 2001:278)

 

Brodiaea sp. - perhaaw (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- seed is ground and used in pinole (Shipek 1991:86)

 

Bursera sp.

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:299)

 

Bursera microphylla - elephant tree, torote

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:591-595)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:298-299, 301)

 

Calystegia macrostegia - morning glory; mu'uch (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- whole plant is boiled, used to bathe sore (Shipek 1991:87-88)

 

Carex sp. - sedge; mskwá (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- leaf is used in woman's basketry cap (Spier 1923:540)

 

Carnegia gigantea - saguaro; 'a:á (Cocopa)

Ceanothus sp. - lilac; mEkwL (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- nut or seed is ground, winnowed, sifted; wood is used as a club (Shipek 1991:30; Spier 1923:354)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:299, 302)

 

Ceanothus leucodermis - chaparral whitethorn; 'i wíir, 'ipewii (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- branch, leaf, berry, and sap are boiled and used to treat itch or poison oak (Hedges 1986:15; Hinton 1975:219)

 

Celtis sp. - hackberry, garabato

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:298-299, 301)

 

Cercocarpus montanus - mountain mahogany

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- used in a tea to treat cold; bark is scraped, dried, sifted, boiled, drunk to treat lung illness (Almstedt 1977:26)

 

Chamaesyce albomarginata - rattlesnake weed

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- boiled, used to wash sore (Hedges 1986:21)

 

Chenopodium sp. - goosefoot; quaich (general Baja California); hakwach (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- seed is ground, used in pinole; root is mashed for soap (Shipek 1991:87)

 

Chenopodium californicum - California goosefoot

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- used as food, soap (Hedges 1986:17; Hohenthal 2001:117)

 

Chenopodium fremontii - Fremont goosefoot; hepši (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- shoot is boiled, eaten (Castetter and Bell 1951:201-202)

 

Chorizanthe fimbriata - fringed spineflower; smiilkwphuuy (Kiliwa)

Cirsium neomexicanum - lavender thistle; mlti'yaaw ("coyote teeth")

Claytonia perfoliata - miner's lettuce; patottii (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- leaf is picked in the spring, boiled, eaten (Hedges 1986:17)

 

Clematis pauciflora - ropevine clematis

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- bark is used to treat fever (Almstedt 1977:27)

 

Cleome isomeris - bladderpod; psháll, 'epshash (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- flower and seed are cooked and drained to remove bitterness, used for food (Hinton 1975:217; Shipek 1991:92)

 

Cnidoscolus sp. - nettle, ortiga; tedegua (general Baja California)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- seed is eaten (Barco 1973:107; Clavijero 1937:41)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:299, 301)

 

Cnidoscolus palmeri sp. - mala mujer

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:298, 302)

 

Cneoridium dumosum - bush rue

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- boiled; used as a mouthwash and for toothache (Shipek 1991:87)

 

Coreopsis maritima - sea dahlia; tesa (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- root is boiled as a tea for stomach ache (Shipek 1991:88)

 

Corethrogyne filaginifolia - common sandaster; kumhwaay (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- flower is boiled, drunk as a tea for aching chest (Shipek 1991:88)

 

Croton sp.

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:299)

 

Croton californicus - California croton; a'wáay hetewóo, a'wáay shetewóo, ahwaay kahwaw (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- leaf, flower, and stem are boiled and drunk for cough; used to wash eye (Hinton 1975:218; Shipek 1991:88)

 

Cryptantha intermedia - Clearwater catseye; shemap (Kumeyaay)

Cucurbita sp. - gourd, squash, pumpkin; xmtay (Kiliwa); ham'té (Paipai); kwra, kwira', kwüra, hamca:, hamcha, xkma, humcha, akmita, mulei (Cocopa); hamtai, himicai (Kumeyaay). Varieties: hamtai humguar, hamtai hamuaremait' (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- planted; stored in a pile covered with brush; roasted whole; cut in strips, sun-dried, cooked in fire; seed is parched, sun-dried, stored in a pit, eaten; seed is used in preparing hide (Gifford 1933:265-267, 274; Kelly 1977:29-30; Kniffen 1931:52, 54)
    • Kumeyaay -- cultivated; pounded in a mortar; dried (Gifford 1931:21-22, 41, 60; Hohenthal 2001:121; Shipek 1991:31)

 

Cucurbita digitata - coyote gourd, fingerleaf gourd, calabecilla; xa:más (Cocopa)

Cucurbita foetidissima - buffalo gourd, calabazilla; hemechaa (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- pulp and seed are mashed, boiled, used as bleach (Hedges 1986:17)

 

Cucurbita moschata - crookneck gourd; kwira, hamca, melhai, akmita (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- cultivated, stored, chopped or cut, dried, boiled, baked, eaten; flower is boiled, eaten; seed is parched, pounded in a mortar, used in a mush, used to tan hide (Castetter and Bell 1951:109-115)

 

Cuscuta californica - California dodder

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- picked, brewed as a tea to treat black widow bite (Hedges 1986:17)

 

Cuscuta salina - saltmarsh dodder; haakwal pehaa ("lizard's guts") (Kumeyaay)

Cyperus elegans - royal flatsedge

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:299)

 

Cyperus erythrorhizos - redroot flatsedge; walau (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- seed is pulverized with a wooden mortar and pestle, cooked as mush, eaten (Gifford 1931:24)

 

Cyperus esculentus - yellow nutgrass; kwarao (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- seeds are used (Castetter and Bell 1951:187, 192)
  • Archaeological occurrence
    • Cape Region (Fujita 2008c:43)

 

Cyrtocarpa edulis - plum, ciruelo

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- fruit or nut is eaten (Aschmann 1966:51; Barco 1973:58; Venegas 1943(1):56)
    • Pericú -- berry is eaten (Andrews 1979:41-42, 67)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:593)

 

Dasylirion sp. - sotol.

  • Kumeyaay -- used as thatching (Michelsen 1968:1)

 

Dasylirion wheeleri - sotol; jiwálo, xiwalu (Kiliwa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa -- wood is used for fire-making drill and hearth; thatching for house (Meigs 1939:11, 29; Michelsen 1977a:22)
    • Kumeyaay -- used to thatch house (Michelsen 1968:1)

 

Datura sp. - jimsonweed, toloache; ibukuójma, ñibokuójamán, nypkwxmaan, smiilkwxaa (Kiliwa); smalktúdj (Paipai); smal ka:pí:t (Cocopa); kusi, kusi malkapit (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa -- root is crushed and eaten; used for visions, luck in gambling, wisdom; not used in boys' initiation (Meigs 1939:10, 48-49, 64)
    • Paipai -- ground on a metate and drunk to become a shaman, hunter, or gambler; taken by youths to induce visions (Bendímez 1989:36; Gifford and Lowie 1928:344; Meigs 1977:17)
    • Cocopa -- green leaf is pounded in a mortar, juice is added to water, used in boys' initiation (Gifford 1933:305)
    • Kumeyaay -- leaf is pounded in a mortar, mixed with water, brewed as a tea, drunk; portion of root drunk as a hallucinogen in boys' initiation ceremony; used by shamans and gamblers (Almstedt 1977:28; Gifford 1931:73; Hedges 1986:17; Hohenthal 2001:124, 206, 252, 254, 281; Shipek 1991:50; Spier 1923:312, 316-321)

 

Daucus pusillus - American wild carrot

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- whole plant is boiled, drunk as a tea for toothache, fever (Shipek 1991:89)

 

Descurainia pinnata - tansy mustard, pamita; x'iir (Kiliwa); kesen (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- seed is pounded in a mortar, winnowed, parched, ground (Castetter and Bell 1951:187, 191-192)

 

Digitaria sp. - crabgrass

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:300)

 

Digitaria californica sp. - Arizona cottontop

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:299)

 

Diplacus puniceus - red bush monkeyflower

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- dried, stored, boiled for tea to treat menstruation (Shipek 1991:94)

 

Distichlis palmeri - wild rice, trigo salado; t'il (Kiliwa); nypa:, nyipa, nipa (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- harvested in April or May to June, dried using fire, threshed, winnowed, shelled, ground; made into mush, mixed with meat, cooked into cake, or meal from parched seed is eaten (Castetter and Bell 1951:187, 192-194; Gifford 1933:267; Kelly 1977:24, 26, 34-36; Kniffen 1931:52)

 

Distichlis spicata - saltgrass

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- boiled, used as a rinse for sore mouth (Shipek 1991:89)

 

Distichlis stricta - desert saltgrass; xusí (Cocopa)

Dudleya sp. - liveforever

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- eaten (Shipek 1991:27)

 

Dudleya edulis - fingertips; millykumil (Kumeyaay)

Dudleya lanceolata - lanceleaf liveforever; millykumaay (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- leaf is eaten raw (Shipek 1991:89)

 

Dudleya pulverulenta - chalk liveforever, siempreviva; kwtLyinyaú (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- leaf is used to remove corn or callus; leaf is chewed; black seed is used in a ceremony (Hedges 1986:19; Spier 1923:320)

 

Echinocereus sp. - hedgehog cactus

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:298-299, 301)

 

Echinochloa crusgalli - water grass, barnyard grass; nyikašari, koarš (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- seed is harvested in late summer, stripped, dried, pounded in a mortar, winnowed, parched, ground (Castetter and Bell 1951:187, 190; Gifford 1933:267)

 

Eleocharis sp. - spikesedge

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:299)

 

Eleocharis genicularis - Canada spikesedge

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:298, 301-302)

 

Encelia californica - California brittlebush; nahekwi ("it watches the sun") (Kumeyaay)

Ephedra sp. - Mormon tea, miner's tea, squaw tea, canutillo; xpiippiyltkwyaq (Kiliwa); cim'wai (Paipai); 'i:šíw (Cocopa); hpíip, hukpip, xakpip (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Paipai -- root is boiled in tea to treat kidney problem (Hohenthal 2001:329)
    • Cocopa -- stem and leaf are pounded in a mortar or boiled, applied to sore (Gifford 1933:268)
    • Kumeyaay -- used in tea for stomach ache; stem is boiled in water and used as a purge; root is crushed, boiled, and taken for venereal disease (Hinton 1975:216; Hohenthal 2001:277, 279, 329)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:592, 594)

 

Ephedra californica - desert tea, cañatilla; japép (Kiliwa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa -- seed is collected in June, eaten as pinole; leaf is made into tea for sexual ailment (Meigs 1939:9-10, 25)
    • Kumeyaay -- branch is dried, stored, brewed in a tea to treat cough, cold, kidney illness, purify blood, improve appetite, as a general tonic (Almstedt 1977:26, 28; Hedges 1986:19)

 

Equisetum laevigatum - horsetail

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- stem is brewed in a tea to tread high blood pressure (Hedges 1986:19)

 

Eragrostis mexicana - Mexican lovegrass; kwšam, kšam, košom (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- seed is used (Castetter and Bell 1951:187, 191)

 

Ericameria brachylepis - chaparral goldenbush; sa'máll páasme keów (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- entire plant is used in tea for a wound or as a drink for pasmo (chill) (Hinton 1975:219-220)

 

Eriochloa aristata - bearded cupgrass; kwakal (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- seed is used (Castetter and Bell 1951:187, 191)

 

Eriodictyon sp. - yerba santa; smérjpíl, smiilxpiil, j-mílkupéy (Kiliwa); sa'máll llupnúup, pilšat (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- eaten to treat thick or slow blood; leaf is used in a cold infusion to treat persistent cough, in a cold compress to treat headache, in a hot compress to treat rheumatism (Hinton 1975:219; Hohenthal 2001:278)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Northern Sierras (Hinton 1975:219)

 

Eriodictyon californicum - California yerba santa

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- boiled, steam is breathed, used in a syrup to treat cough, cold (Almstedt 1977:26)

 

Eriodictyon trichocalyx - hairy yerba santa

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- leaf is dried, stored, boiled, and drunk to treat cold, cough; used in a steam to treat headache, cough, cold; used as a shampoo (Almstedt 1977:21, 26; Hedges 1986:21)

 

Eriogonum fasciculatum - flat-topped buckwheat; weljta (Kiliwa); hm'ílly, ham'i:l, hamill (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa -- roots are brewed in drink to treat ailments of sex organs (Meigs 1939:10)
    • Kumeyaay -- top is eaten; root is cooked and mashed, taken for child's colic; dried flower or dried root is used in a tea for heart trouble; flower and roots are boiled and drunk as tea to treat cold, stomach trouble, diarrhea (Almstedt 1977:26; Hedges 1986:21; Hinton 1975:219; Hohenthal 2001:278; Shipek 1991:90)

 

Eriophyllum confertiflorum - golden-yarrow; chanewan (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- whole plant is boiled, used as facewash for pimple (Shipek 1991:90)

 

Erythrina flabelliformis - coralbean, colorín, corcho

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- wood is used for raft (Barco 1973:69-70)

 

Euphorbia sp. - spurge, golondrina; mtxyaaw (Kiliwa); 'a:mu:sír (Cocopa); mat eyi:w ("earth's eyes") (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- leaf is boiled in water and drunk to treat sore throat, cramp, and upset stomach (Crawford 1989:388)
    • Kumeyaay -- used in a poultice and tea to treat snake and insect bite (Shipek 1991:48)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:299, 301)

 

Ferocactus sp. - barrel cactus, biznaga; j-mál, pnakwc'iy, xmal (Kiliwa); meltát (Paipai); mulycác (Cocopa); telku, xmaL (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- seed is dried, toasted, ground, eaten; bud is eaten (Aschmann 1966:84-85; Barco 1973:87)
    • Kiliwa -- bud is collected in early June, boiled in salt or fried, and eaten; seed is collected in July, eaten, used in offering for the dead (Meigs 1939:9, 25, 53)
    • Kumeyaay -- slice is boiled in salted water; pulp provides water; spine are used as a fish hook (Gifford 1931:26; Hohenthal 2001:138; Michelsen 1970b:42; Spier 1923:336)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:203, 276, 281-283, 299; Hyland 1997:150, 311-313)

 

Ferocactus cylindraceus - California barrel cactus, biznaga

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- seed is ground, eaten (Williams 1995:58)

 

Festuca sp. - fescue

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:299)

 

Ficus palmeri - wild fig, zalate, higuera; anabá (Cochimí)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- fruit is carried, eaten; leaf is eaten (Aschmann 1966:83; Baegert 1952:67; Barco 1973:66; Clavijero 1937:39)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:592-595)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:283, 298-299, 301-302; Hyland 1997:314)

 

Fouquieria peninsularis - ocotillo

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:592-595)

 

Fouquieria splendens - ocotillo; hnyaay, jiñá-i (Kiliwa); i:í (Paipai); 'i:nyáy (Cocopa)

Fragaria vesca - woodland strawberry

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- fruit is eaten; leaf is boiled as a tea to treat diarrhea (Hedges 1986:21)

 

Frankenia salina - alkali seaheath; chayaaw (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- whole plant is used in a tea for colic (Shipek 1991:90)

 

Galium angustifolium - narrowleaf bedstraw; hatpat (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- dried, stored; boiled as a tea for diarrhea (Shipek 1991:90)

 

Gossypium sp. - cotton, algodón

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:274)

 

Grindelia hirsutula - Hall's gumweed; kohipilip (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- leaf is dried, stored; leaf and stem are boiled and used as a blood tonic (Hedges 1986:23)

 

Gutierrezia sarothrae - broom snakeweed; churrupú (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- flower or root is used as a tea for diarrhea (Hinton 1975:220)

 

Haplopappus sp. - xatamu: (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- used in house construction (Shipek 1991:25)

 

Haplopappus venetus - llall'áay, michashi (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- stalk is used as a broom (Hinton 1975:220; Shipek 1991:91)

 

Hazardia squarrosa - sawtooth goldenbush

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- boiled to treat ache (Hinton 1975:220)

 

Helianthemum scoparium - Bisbee Peak rushrose

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- flower is boiled for tea to assist childbirth (Shipek 1991:91)

 

Helianthus annuus - sunflower, mirasol; nya supány (Cocopa); nya wíiw (Kumeyaay)

Heliotropium curassavicum - salt heliotrope; millykupish (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- root is boiled, used in a tea to treat menstruation (Shipek 1991:91)

 

Hemizonia fasciculata - clustered tarweed, penechaua; hatun, hatuun (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- root is pounded, cooked in water, and taken to treat venereal disease; used to treat piles and effects of childbirth; whole plant is boiled for steam to treat headache (Hohenthal 2001:278, 280; Shipek 1991:91)

 

Heteromeles arbutifolia - Christmas berry, toyon; huusík, huuchih (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- fruit is used as a food; bark and leaf are used to wash a wound (Hinton 1975:217; Shipek 1991:92)

 

Hoffmanseggia glauca - pignut; xcaly; excheL, achek (Cocopa)

Hymenoclea monogyra - singlewhorl burrobush; oká (Kumeyaay)

Ipomoea sp. - morning-glory

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:299)

 

Jatropha sp.

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:298, 301)

 

Jatropha cinerea - Arizona nettlespurge; nombó (Monqui)

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:299)

 

Jatropha cuneata - limberbush, lomboy

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- branch is cut, heated, mashed, bundled, sewn to make a tray or bowl (Barco 1973:100-102)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:299)

 

Juncus sp. - juncus, rush; pesi:l, pesil, kwa'naay (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- root and stem are eaten; root is used in basketry (Barco 1973:105; Longinos 1961:36)
    • Cocopa -- used in granary basket (Castetter and Bell 1951:161; Kelly 1977:90)
    • Kumeyaay -- stem is cut, dried, split, soaked, stored, used for warp in basketry; used in twined basketry; used to make mourning effigies (Hedges 1986:9, 11-12; Hohenthal 2001:163, 165)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Davis 1967:59; Tyson 1973b:33)

 

Juncus acutus - spiny rush

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- used in basketry (Merrill 1923:221)

 

Juncus textilis - basket rush; kwa'naay, meskwáh (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- stem is dried, split, used in basketry and mourning ceremony images (Davis 1919:11, 26; Hedges 1986:23)

 

Juniperus sp. - juniper

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:71)

 

Juniperus californica - California juniper, cedro; 'saa (Kiliwa); ciok (Paipai); shá, i:ša (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa -- berry is collected in June, crushed, boiled (Meigs 1939:25)
    • Kumeyaay -- berry is eaten raw, used in a tea to treat hiccups; tea from leaf or bark for high blood pressure or hangover (Almstedt 1977:26; Hinton 1975:216; Hohenthal 2001:137)

 

Kallstroemia parviflora - warty caltrop

  • Archaeological occurrence: Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:591-595)

 

Krameria erecta - littleleaf ratany, mesquitillo

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- used as an astringent in a lavage to treat diarrhea (Longinos 1961:25)

 

Lagenaria siceraria - bottle gourd, calabasilla; halma, halma' (Cocopa); halma:, halmá, helma, xamca: (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- planted, dried, used as canteen, ladle, food storage receptacle, dish, rattle, bullroarer (Castetter and Bell 1951:115-116; Gifford 1933:265, 267, 270, 284; Kelly 1977:30)
    • Kumeyaay -- top of a green gourd is cut off, salt and water are added, and it is drunk to treat venereal disease; used as a dish, for storage, as a rattle (Gifford 1931:21, 44; Hohenthal 2001:121,124, 280; Shipek 1991:31, 34; Spier 1923:349)

 

Larrea tridentata - creosote, gobernadora; nxil, pesíu, psiyu (Kiliwa); xpsi, tksi (Cocopa); 'epsii (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- used to induce abortion (Longinos 1961:24)
    • Kiliwa -- leaves are brewed in drink to treat slow blood (Meigs 1939:10)
    • Paipai -- used as firewood (Michelsen 1974:41)
    • Kumeyaay -- leaf and stem are boiled, used in a decoction to treat ache, sprain, athlete's foot (Almstedt 1977:29; Hedges 1986:23)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:592-595)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:300)

 

Lepidium fremontii - desert pepperweed, pamita amarga; x'iirkwxaa (Kiliwa)

Lepidium nitidum - shining peppergrass

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- seed is used to treat indigestion (Hedges 1986:23)

 

Limonium californicum - California sealavender, lavanda del mar

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- leaf is boiled, dried, stored, eaten (Shipek 1991:92)

 

Linum sp. - flax; upcíL, opcíL (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- gray seed is used for food and in ceremony (Spier 1923:320, 336)

 

Lonicera sp. - honeysuckle

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- root is pounded, applied to a swelling; leaf is used in a tea to treat cough, cold; leaf is used to wash sore (Almstedt 1977:23, 26)

 

Lonicera subspicata - southern honeysuckle; mellkaa (Kumeyaay)

Lotus scoparius - common deerweed, casa de indio; hwáte, hí-wáht (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- root is used for soap; used to thatch house (Hinton 1975:218; Merriam 1966-1967:256)

 

Lupinus sp. - lupine

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay - seed is used in a tea to treat urinary problem (Almstedt 1977:27)

 

Lycium sp. - desert thorn, frutilla; p-sí-kuíl (Kiliwa); xcuc (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa - seed is collected in winter, eaten as pinole (Meigs 1939:10)

 

Lycium fremontii - Fremont wolfberry; ax cet (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- berry is washed, boiled, ground in a metate, mixed with water, drunk; berry is stored, pulverized (Castetter and Bell 1951:204-205)

 

Lycium richii - Baja desert thorn

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:592, 594)

 

Lysiloma candida - palo blanco; gokio, kokio, gkokio (Cochimí)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- seed is roasted, eaten; gum is eaten (Aschmann 1966:53; Barco 1973:65-66; Clavijero 1937:49)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:591-595, 1984:50)

 

Machaerocereus gummosus - pitahaya agria, cardón; tajuá (Cochimí); xmalkuul (Kiliwa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- fruit is harvested in August-December, spines are removed with a twig, fruit is peeled, kneeded, stored, eaten; seed is collected from human feces, ground, winnowed, toasted, eaten (Aschmann 1966:37, 86; Baegert 1952:36, 1982:132-133; Barco 1973:81-82, 180, 205; Clavijero 1937:33-35, 89)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:222)

 

Malosma laurina - laurel sumac, lentisco; joál, xuwaal (Kiliwa); kwa:s, 'ektii (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa -- firewood (Meigs 1939:11)
    • Kumeyaay -- drunk as a tea, used in bathing at childbirth; used for venereal disease (Shipek 1991:44, 95)

 

Malvastrum sp. - desert mallow

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- root is used in a tea to prevent conception; used in girls' first menstruation ceremony (Almstedt 1977:29-30)

 

Mammillaria sp. - fishhook cactus

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:298, 300-301)

 

Mammillaria dioica - fishhook cactus, biznaga llavina; 'ehpaa (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- fruit is eaten (Hedges 1986:25)

 

Marah macrocarpus - Cucamonga manroot

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- seed is ground, used in face paint; leaf is boiled, used on hemorrhoids (Shipek 1991:93)

 

Matricaria discoidea - pineapple weed; manzanilla

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- flower is used in a tea to treat menstrual cramps; plant is boiled as a tea for postpartum mother; boiled and used in decoction as an enema for fever (Almstedt 1977:29; Hedges 1986:25)

 

Mencelia aspera

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- root is used as a purgative (Longinos 1961:25)

 

Merremia aurea - yuca, guacamote, morning glory; ujuí (Cochimí)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- root is dug, carried, roasted, eaten (Barco 1973:125-126, 203; Clavijero 1937:53; Venegas 1943(1):57)
    • Pericú -- root is eaten (Andrews 1979:42-43, 67)

 

Mimosa sp. - mimosa, tabardillo

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- used to treat fever (Longinos 1961:24)

 

Mimulus sp. - monkeyflower, yerba ninfa

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- root is used in a hot infusion to treat stomach disorders (Hohenthal 2001:277)

 

Mirabilis californica - California four o'clock; meshkatull (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- whole plant is used in tea for stomach ache (Shipek 1991:94)

 

Monardella lanceolata - mustang mint

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- tea is used as a beverage and medicine (Hedges 1986:25)

 

Muhlenbergia rigens - deergrass; kwayull (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- stem is scraped, used as foundation material in basket making (Hedges 1986:9, 11-12, 25; Hohenthal 2001:163)

 

Myrtillocactus vochal - candelabra cactus

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:300)

 

Nicotiana attenuata - coyote tobacco; ijíp milti, 'hipmlti' (Kiliwa); o'ube kesar, eúbe (Paipai); op (Cocopa); oyup'xutepa, op kamiyahi (Kumeyaay). Variety: mkwoxnoí (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- smoked (Barco 1973:187; Clavijero 1937:115; Venegas 1943(1):94)
    • Kiliwa -- smoked in reed tube, used to treat cough (Meigs 1939:10)
    • Paipai -- not cultivated; smoked; used in ceremony (Bendímez 1989:32, 37; Gifford and Lowie 1928:342)
    • Cocopa -- obtained in trade, smoked (Castetter and Bell 1951:119-123; Gifford 1933:269, 296, 305)
    • Kumeyaay -- planted; leaf and flower are crushed and smoked in reed tube; used in ceremony and by shaman (Gifford 1931:25, 61; Hohenthal 2001:117, 125, 254, 281; Spier 1923:315, 318, 348)

 

Nolina sp. - nolina; tma' (Kiliwa)

Nolina parryi - sotol

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- used for fire drill (Michelsen 1970b:42-43)

 

Olneya tesota - ironwood, palo fierro; 'i:wír, kwnya, ha pal (Cocopa); pelpat, plpat (Kiliwa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa -- seed is collected in July, eaten as pinole (Meigs 1939:10)
    • Cocopa -- pod is gathered in October, seed is roasted in a ceramic tray, ground on a metate, made into mush; wood is used for weeding hoe, club (Castetter and Bell 1951:95, 187, 195; Gifford 1933:267; Kelly 1977:39, 131; Kniffen 1931:53)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Fujita 2008c:43)
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:591-595)
    • Northern Sierras (Fontaine and Prosser 1965:3-4)

 

Opuntia sp. - prickly pear, beaver tail, nopal, tuna; a (Cochimí); a'á, ''aa, ksriyu(Kiliwa); tát', xeté (Paipai); cac qw'i:š, xpa: (Cocopa); xapa, 'kopL, melltat, c'té (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- fruit is harvested in August-October, cleaned by rubbing with plant or rolled to remove spines, cooked, eaten; mixed with agave (Barco 1973:88-89, 180; Burrus 1984:115; Clavijero 1937:38)
    • Kiliwa -- spines are removed by shaking fruit in a net; fruit is eaten raw in August; shoot is cooked in an earth oven, eaten (Meigs 1939:9, 38)
    • Paipai -- harvested in August; fruit is carried in a net, brushed with frayed yucca root to remove spines; seed and fruit are dried (Bendímez 1989:25, 48; Hohenthal 2001:325; Michelsen 1974:47; Smith 1971:38)
    • Kumeyaay -- blossom and seed are eaten; fruit is collected in June and July; rolled, brushed, or shaken in agave fiber carrying net to remove spines; cooked like a pumpkin when green; seed is ground; eaten fresh; young pad is fried or boiled; spine is used in tattooing (Hohenthal 2001:138, 178; Michelsen 1970b:42-44; Shipek 1991:27, 70, 94; Spier 1923:336, 342)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:298, 300-302)

 

Opuntia basilaris - beavertail; 'ehpaa (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- fruit is rubbed to remove thorns, dried, eaten (Hedges 1986:27)

 

Opuntia bigelovii - cholla, velas de coyote; kesigío, (kesi)guíu (Kiliwa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa -- seed is eaten as pinole (Meigs 1939:9, 76)

 

Opuntia californica - brownspined pricklypear; 'tiy (Kiliwa)

Opuntia cholla - cholla; tíjijil (Kiliwa); tat' kwi:š (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa -- seed is collected in July, eaten as pinole (Meigs 1939:10, 76)
    • Kumeyaay -- not eaten (Hohenthal 2001:138)

 

Opuntia engelmannii - prickly pear

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- fruit is rolled to remove spines, eaten (Castetter and Bell 1951:206-207)

 

Opuntia phaecantha - brownspined prickly pear; 'ehpaa (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- fruit is impaled on a stick, rubbed to remove thorns, seeds are removed, fruit is eaten (Hedges 1986:27)

 

Pachycereus sp. - cardón

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • (general Baja California -- fruit is harvested in July-August, eaten (Baegert 1982:133)

 

Pachycereus pringlei - giant cactus, cardón;, garambullo j-mál-kol, scuqu', xmalkuul (Kiliwa); malkol (Paipai)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- plant is climbed to harvest fruit; seed is dried, toasted, ground, stored, eaten; juice is squeezed, boiled, skimmed, thickened, used as a poultice on wounds; stem is cut, half roasted, applied to toothache; used as firewood (Aschmann 1966:49, 51, 88; Baegert 1952:32; Barco 1973:83; Clavijero 1937:36-37; Sales 1956:16)
    • Kiliwa -- fruit collected in June, knocked down with Agave stave; eaten raw (Meigs 1939:9, 25)
    • Paipai -- spines are rubbed off by hand; used to poison marine fish (Bendímez 1989:24; Hohenthal 2001:325)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:300-302)

 

Pachycereus schottii - senita cactus, garambullo; kanepove (Paipai); gakil, gkakil (Cochimí)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- fruit is eaten (Aschmann 1966:49, 85; Barco 1973:82; Clavijero 1937:36)
    • Paipai -- fruit is harvested with a long, hooked pole, spines are rubbed off by hand (Hohenthal 2001:325)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:298, 300-301)

 

Paeonia californica - California peony; peonía; kuwak espoke (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- leaf is boiled, leached, cooked, and eaten; bud is cooked and eaten; root is sliced, boiled, used in an infusion to treat stomach disorder, lung illness, kidney illness; tuber is cut in pieces, stored, used in a tea to treat indigestion, heartburn (Almstedt 1977:24, 27; Hedges 1986:28; Hohenthal 2001:278)

 

Panicum sp. - panic grass; kwšam, kšam, kšem, šmca:, šimca (Cocopa); cf. Eragrostis mexicana.)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- cultivated for seed as food; seed is parched, winnowed, ground (Castetter and Bell 1951:187, 190-191; Kelly 1977:37-38)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area area (Ritter 1979:592, 594)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:298, 300-303, 305)

 

Panicum hirticaule - Mexican panic grass; šimca (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- semicultivated for seed (Castetter and Bell 1951:167, 169-170)

 

Panicum sonorum - Sonora panic grass

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- semicultivated for seed (Castetter and Bell 1951:167, 170)

 

Parkinsonia sp. - palo verde; tsaaw (Kiliwa); susá (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- seed is collected, roasted in a ceramic tray, ground on a metate, made into a mush (Gifford 1933:267; Kelly 1977:39; Kniffen 1931:53)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:299, 301-302)

 

Parkinsonia floridum - blue paloverde

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- seed is roasted, ground, used in mush (Castetter and Bell 1951:196)

 

Parkinsonia microphylla - yellow paloverde; dipúa (Monqui); medesá (Cochimí); sosa (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- fruit is harvested in July, cleaned, toasted, stored, eaten; pod is shelled, seed is toasted, cracked, ground, stored, eaten (Aschmann 1966:52-53, 82; Barco 1973:67-68; Clavijero 1937:39)
    • Cocopa -- seed is roasted, ground, used in mush (Castetter and Bell 1951:187, 196)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:591, 593)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:220, 222, 299; Hyland 1997:171-173)

 

Pellaea andromedifolia - coffee cliffbrake

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- used in a tea to treat menstrual cramp (Almstedt 1977:29)

 

Pellaea mucronata - birdsfoot cliffbrake; awii tepesháw (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- rhyzone is crushed, boiled, used in a tea to treat hemorrhage; scattered as a charm (Hedges 1986:28; Hinton 1975:215)

 

Penstemon centranthifolius - scarlet bugler; henpashóka alíiki (Kumeyaay)

Perdicium sp. - raiz barbuda

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- used to treat toothache and wound (Longinos 1961:25)

 

Peucephyllum sp. - pygmy cedar; kupesimilkáup (Kiliwa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa -- leaf is used in washing to relieve swellings and sore feet (Meigs 1939:10)

 

Phaseolus sp. - bean

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:300)

 

Phaseolus acutifolius - tepary bean; marík (Paipai); merik, mri:k, amaLix (Cocopa); ni:l, ne:l, marik (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- sown, weeded, harvested, stored in an elevated willow basketry granary, beaten, winnowed; pounded in a mortar, boiled, parched, ground on a metate (Castetter and Bell 1951:106-108; Gifford 1933:264; Kelly 1977:29; Kniffen 1931:52, 54)
    • Kumeyaay -- cultivated (Gifford 1931:21-22, 40-41, 60, 80; Hohenthal 2001:121)

 

Phoradendron sp. - mistletoe; xlyuš (Cocopa); jélajísú, xl'hisu (Kiliwa); toje, htLúc (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- dried, pounded in a mortar, boiled with clay, and plastered on hair to kill lice and to blacken (Gifford 1933:279)
    • Kumeyaay -- mashed, mixed with mud, applied to hair to kill vermin and prevent hair loss (Hohenthal 2001:279; Spier 1923:341)

 

Phoradendron tomentosum - bigleaf mistletoe

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- cooked, used to treat dandruff (Hedges 1986:28)

 

Phragmites australis - common reed

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- used in woman's clothing (Aschmann 1966:60, 94)
    • Cocopa -- tubes are used to smoke tobacco (Castetter and Bell 1951:122)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:278-282, 300; Hyland 1997:312-313)

 

Physalis sp. - groundcherry

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:298, 300-301)

 

Physalis philadelphica - Mexican groundcherry, tomatillo

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- juice from berry is used as an eye wash (Hedges 1986:28)

 

Pinus sp. - piñon pine; 'xaal (Kiliwa); kehó, hawál (Paipai); 'i:xwí: (Cocopa); xwuiu, hellykaay (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- nut is eaten; log is used for boat (Aschmann 1966:38; Longinos 1961:36)
    • Kiliwa -- nut is collected in August and September; tree is climbed, cone is thrown down, heated in fire to extract nut, ground on a metate, eaten as pinole, used as offering for the dead (Hohenthal 2001:332; Meigs 1939:26, 53)
    • Paipai -- nut is roasted (Smith 1971:36)
    • Cocopa -- piñon nut is harvested in September; nut shell is cracked in a mortar, made into a cake; paste is boiled (Kelly 1977:24, 40; Kniffen 1931:53)
    • Kumeyaay -- nut is gathered in the fall, ground on a metate (including hulls) or cracked between teeth, eaten; gum is used in fletching an arrow; used for shaman's wand; bark is used for shelter (Davis 1919:10; Hedges 1986:9, 29-30; Hohenthal 2001:136, 175-176; Meigs 1972:37; Michelsen 1970b:42; Shipek 1991:28, 30, 57, 71, 76; Spier 1923:323)

 

Pinus coulteri - Coulter pine; haaésh (Kumeyaay)

Pinus jeffreyi - Jeffrey pine, pino ponderosa; haaésh hwát (Kumeyaay)

Pinus monophylla - singleleaf piñon; ehwi (Cocopa); 'xiw (Kiliwa); hwíiw (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- seed is used (Castetter and Bell 1951:188, 197-198)
    • Kumeyaay -- seed is used for food; gum is used in paint (Hinton 1975:215; Spier 1923:352)

 

Pinus muricata - bishop pine

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Banks 1978:15)

 

Pinus ponderosa - western yellow pine, pino ponderosa; ajál (Kiliwa); ha'ail (Kumeyaay)

Pinus quadrifolia - Parry piñon; (el)kwéy(u) (Kiliwa); hwíiw kháw, xwiyu (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa - nut is collected in August and September, eaten as food (Meigs 1939:9)
    • Paipai -- nut is gathered in August, carried, roasted, winnowed, stored (Michelsen and Michelsen 1979:27-31)
    • Kumeyaay -- seed is used for food (Almstedt 1968:10; Hinton 1975:215-216)

 

Pinus torreyana - Torrey pine; 'ehwiiw (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- cone is roasted to extract nut in September; eaten raw, roasted, ground and cooked as pinole or flavoring (Shipek 1991:94)

 

Pithecellobium sp.

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:300)

 

Plagiobothrys arizonicus - Arizona popcornflower

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- leaf and stem are used for red pigment (Hedges 1986:30)

 

Platanus racemosa - California sycamore, aliso; jo-ákjan, x'wa'qhaan (Kiliwa); hperch'á, hameche'á, pe'che'á, 'ehpuull (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- bark is used in a tea as a blood tonic or to treat asthma; house poles (Hedges 1986:30; Hinton 1975:217; Michelsen 1968:1)

 

Pluchea sericea - arrowweed; tumu (Kiliwa); temuh (Paipai); c'a:m, hetcaam (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- used to make storage basket; bundle is used to make house wall; used in ramada roof; used to cover screwbean curing pit; scarecrow; shuttle in net-making; stick for peon game; scratching stick; firewood for pottery, torch, mosquito smudge, singeing hair, funeral pyre, mourning fire; hearth and tinder for fire drill; gum is used as an adhesive; used with clay to treat hair; bark juice is used in paint (Castetter and Bell 1951:116, 185; Gifford 1933:263, 268, 270-274, 280, 290, 294-296, 298, 301; Kelly 1977:47-48, 50-51, 68-69, 89-90, 92, 96; Kniffen 1931:52)
    • Kumeyaay -- stick is worn in the nose; used for structure walls; used to cover earth oven; stick is used to hold fishing seine net; stabbing pike, arrow shaft; wood is used for fire drill and hearth; used in basketry granary; gum is used to attach feather to arrow, attach handle to rattle; used in soaking mesquite and willow bark; used in bird cage; used as scratching stick; stick is used as game counter, peon piece (Gifford 1931:19-21, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 37, 40, 42, 44-46, 48-49, 53, 58-59)

 

Plumbago sp. - leadwort

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- used to treat insect stings (Longinos 1961:24)

 

Polypodium californicum - California polypody; 'awi hatat ("rattlesnake's back") (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- root and leaf are boiled to treat internal bleeding (Shipek 1991:94)

 

Populus fremontii - cottonwood, álamo; miltá-(yi), mltay, miltaiyi (Kiliwa); ûxû' (Paipai); x'a, ûxû' (Cocopa); h'á, ha:a, axa, halampuulaamp (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- bark is used for woman's skirt; trunk is used as mortar; timber for house structure; boat paddle; rafts of roots; firewood for ceramics (Álvarez 1995:58-62; Castetter and Bell 1951:184; Gifford 1933:270-272, 274)
    • Kumeyaay -- leaf or boiled tea is applied to a bruise, wound, or sting; charcoal is applied to tattoo; wood for war club; burned to cut and hollow as a mortar; poor firewood; post and roof timber for house, granary (Gifford 1931:19, 23-24, 27, 40; Hedges 1986:30; Hinton 1975:216; Hohenthal 2001:155, 181, 195; Meigs 1971:13; Michelsen 1968:1; Spier 1923:342)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Northern Sierras (Fontaine and Prosser 1965:3-4)

 

Populus tremuloides - quaking aspen, alamillo; x'wa'caa (Kiliwa)

Proboscidea parviflora - devil's claw; 'i:cúc (Cocopa)

Prosopis sp. - mesquite

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- wood is used for ceremonial tablets (Venegas 1943(1):95)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1974b:30, 1984:52)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:300-302)

 

Prosopis glandulosa - honey mesquite; ajá, 'haa, ahaa (Kiliwa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa -- seed is harvested in August, eaten as pinole; bark is brewed for tea; firewood (Meigs 1939:9, 11)
    • Kumeyaay -- bean is pounded in a mortar or ground on a metate, made into a cake, eaten (Hedges 1986:32)

 

Prosopis juliflora - mesquite; huaha (Cochimí); enal (Paipai; kwayúly, 'anyá:ly, anyal (Cocopa); a'náally, a:nal, a'noL, a'náL, axpáL, anaxi (Kumeyaay))

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- seed is eaten (Aschmann 1968:46; Barco 1973:65; Clavijero 1937:48)
    • Cocopa -- harvested in June-September from ground or with a hook; pod is dried and stored in basket granary; pod is pounded in a mortar, shaken, soaked, chewed for juice, and spat out; candy is made from bean by grinding, adding water for a paste, and drying in the sun; bud and pulp of pod are eaten; flower is mashed or sucked; mixed with water as a beverage, eaten as meal, or formed into cake; pod is added to cooking squash for flavor; sap is used to blacken hair and treat it for lice, as paint, and as medicine; bark is used in paint; branch and root are used in manufactured products; root and bark are used in basketry; wood is used for mortar, pestle; stick is used for agricultural planting and weeding; wood is used for club; handle for adze or knife; bark used in lashing; pole for funeral pyre; stake is used in processing deer hide; thorn is used in tatooing, piercing nose; root is used as kicking ball; fuel for firing pottery; bark is used for lashing (Castetter and Bell 1951:94-95, 179-186, 194; Gifford 1933:267, 270, 272-275, 277, 279, 282, 291, 294; Kelly 1977:24-26, 32-34, 42, 48, 50, 53, 58, 131; Kniffen 1931:53)
    • Kumeyaay -- tree is shaken, pod is gathered from the ground in July; pod is sun-dried and chewed, or pounded in a stone or wooden mortar, mixed with water, and drunk; stored in a basketry granary; pulp is chewed, sucked, and then spat out; leaf in tea as eyewash, drink for fever; root is dug with a stick, peeled, used in cradle frame, hood, lashing; inner bark fiber is soaked for a month, spun on thigh, used in girdle, as string; gum is used as a dye, as a shampoo to darken and grow hair; bark is boiled as a black pigment; charcoal is applied to tattoo; wood is felled and sharpened by fire; used for bow stave, club, stabbing pike, beaver stick, shovel, weeding tool, pestle, ball; good firewood (Gifford 1931:20, 22-23, 26-28, 30, 32-34, 36, 39-43, 45, 48-49; Hinton 1975:218; Hohenthal 2001:136, 155; Shipek 1991:57-58; Spier 1923:319, 342, 350, 354)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:591-595)

 

Prosopis pubescens - screwbean, tornillo; m'alhnya'kwckway, êhec (Kiliwa); êis (Paipai); 'i:š, yiis, iš (Cocopa); i:š, is, iyix (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- harvested in August-September; pod is stored in a granary, ripened in a covered pit, dried; pulp is ground in a mortar and shaken in a basket, soaked, chewed, and spat out; wood is used for planting stick, spearpoint, club, fishing spear; stick is used to pierce nose (Castetter and Bell 1951:94, 179-186, 220; Gifford 1933:267-268, 274, 291; Kelly 1977:24, 33-34, 42)
    • Kumeyaay -- tree is shaken, pod is gathered from the ground in July; wood is felled and sharpened by fire; used for bow stave, club, rabbit stick, beaver stick; needle for nose piercing; firewood (Gifford 1931:20, 23, 26-28, 30, 43, 54; Hohenthal 2001:136; Spier 1923:350)

 

Prunus sp. - chokecherry

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:300)

 

Prunus emarginata - bitter cherry; itut (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- leaf is used in a tea to treat bruise, scar, swelling, sprain, rash (Almstedt 1968:10, 1977:20, 29)

 

Prunus ilicifolia - hollyleaf cherry, islaya; 'qhay (Kiliwa); xakái (Paipai); hkáy, hakai, tút, 'etut (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Paipai -- harvested in September (Bendímez 1989:25; Hohenthal 2001:325)
    • Kumeyaay -- fruit is gathered, sun-dried, eaten; pulp and skin are eaten; kernel is cracked with a hammerstone or mano, meat is extracted, ground on a metate or pounded in a mortar, winnowed, sifted, leached in a basket before or after grinding, boiled into a mush or roasted; fruit is made into a syrup to treat cough or stomach ache; used for bow stave (Hedges 1986:32; Hinton 1975:217-218; Hohenthal 2001:139-140, 155-156, 176, 277, 325; Shipek 1991:25, 30; Spier 1923:350)

 

Prunus virginiana - chokecherry; axkay (Kumeyaay)

Pseudognaphalium bicolor - twocolor cudweed; kumil (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- boiled, used as a poultice on sore (Shipek 1991:91)

 

Quercus sp. - oak, encino; a'ál, ''aal (Kiliwa); snya:, snya: (Cocopa). Red oak; snau, isnyau (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- acorn is eaten (Longinos 1961:36)
    • Kiliwa -- acorn is harvested in the fall, mashed into a pulp, leached on sand or a mat of twigs or weeds, cooked in a pot, eaten as mush; branch is used as a throwing stick (Meigs 1939:9, 11, 26-29)
    • Paipai -- acorn is harvested in November-December (Bendímez 1989:48).
    • Cocopa -- acorn is harvested (Kniffen 1931:53)
    • Kumeyaay -- acorn is gathered from the ground in the fall, transported, cached in a basket, dried for several weeks to as long as three months, hull is cracked between two cobbles, cached in a pot, pounded in a stone mortar, winnowed in a basket, pounded again, winnowed again, leached in basket tray, boiled in salt water; gall is used to treat sore; wood for throwing stick, ceremonial wand; good firewood, bark is used as fuel for firing ceramics; grove is owned (Almstedt 1977:22; Davis 1919:10; Gifford 1931:23, 39; Hedges 1986:5-9, 34; Hohenthal 2001:134-135, 155, 172, 174-176; Meigs 1972:36; Michelsen 1970b:42; Shipek 1991:27, 30-31, 51, 71, 76; Spier 1923:307, 324, 334-335, 337)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:300, 302)

 

Quercus agrifolia - coast live oak, encino; 'esnyaaw, isnyaaw (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- acorn is eaten; bark is used to treat toothache; fuelwood is used for firing pottery (Almstedt 1968:10, 1977:21; Hedges 1986:5, 33, 47; Wilken 2008a:79)

 

Quercus alba - white oak; kw'il, kw'ilmsi' (Kiliwa)

Quercus crysolepis - canyon live oak, encino roble; semtaay, samtay (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- acorn is eaten; acorn cup is used to make black dye for basketry (Almstedt 1968:10; Hedges 1986:5, 9, 33-34)

 

Quercus dumosa - coastal sage scrub oak, encinillo; ukwáp, 'khwap, smiilkhwap, kwmuumtay (Kiliwa); hwáp, kwa:p, xwap, xwp, xwp, 'ehwap, iswup (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa -- wood is used for arrow tip (Meigs 1939:12)
    • Paipai -- wood is used for throwing stick, chisel, digging stick, firewood (Koerper et al. 1998:72-73; Michelsen 1974:40-41; Smith 1971:38)
    • Kumeyaay -- acorn is made into a mush, eaten; insect gall is crushed, dried, boiled, and applied to sore or ulcer or used as eye wash; wood is used for throwing stick; used for basket granary, cradle (Almstedt 1968:10; Hedges 1986:5, 33-34; Hinton 1975:216; Hohenthal 2001:134, 277; Spier 1923:334)

 

Quercus engelmannii - Engelmann oak; neshaaw (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- acorn is eaten; gum is pounded, washed, boiled, used as chewing gum (Hedges 1986:5, 33-34)

 

Quercus kellogii - California black oak; kupar, ku'phaRL, kuphaall, kopal (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- acorn is made into mush (Almstedt 1968:10; Hedges 1986:5, 33; Hohenthal 2000:134; Spier 1923:334)

 

Quercus peninsularis - oak; hw'ílly, kwi'i:l (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- pounded, sun-dried, ground, and leached; eaten (Hinton 1975:216; Hohenthal 2001:134)

 

Quercus turbinella - scrub oak; senya (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- acorn is used (Castetter and Bell 1951:187, 197)

 

Ramona sp. - pesiltay (Kiliwa)

Ramona polystachya - bilc-tí-e (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- used to season roasted seed (Merriam 1966-1967:256)

 

Rhamnus sp. - buckthorn, ilayo; kay, 'qhaay (Kiliwa); nkxai (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa -- fruit and seed are collected in August, crushed, and eaten as pinole or in mush (Meigs 1939:9, 25)
    • Kumeyaay -- green leafy twig is used in granary basket (Spier 1923:347)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:300-302)

 

Rhamnus californica - California buckthorn, yerba de oso; inyekhaay (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- bark is stored, boiled, used in a decoction as a physic or to treat poison oak (Hedges 1986:37)

 

Rhamnus crocea - redberry buckthorn; tat (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- fed to pet mockingbird (Shipek 1991:95)

 

Rhus sp. - sumac

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:300, 302)

 

Rhus integrifolia - lemonadeberry; huusill, huutat (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- berry is eaten fresh or soaked to flavor water; seed is ground and used with fruit in a tea, drunk to treat illness; leaf is used to manage thirst; bark is used in tea after childbirth (Hedges 1986:37; Shipek 1991:95)

 

Rhus ovata - sugarbush; hwáll (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- leaf used in a tea for childbirth (Hinton 1975:218)

 

Rhus trilobata - skunkbush sumac; pilca, pellychaa (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- leaf is used in a tea as eye wash; stem is split, dried, soaked, used in basket as foundation and weft in outer layers; bark is stripped, soaked, stained, stored, used in basketry (Davis 1967:57; Hedges 1986:9, 11-12, 37; Hohenthal 2001:163)

 

Romneya coulteri - Coulter's matilija poppy; miltí-áu ("coyote-tooth") (Kiliwa)

Rorippa sp. - yellowcress

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- green is eaten (Castetter and Bell 1951:201-202)

 

Rosa sp. - wildrose; kstuut, kwstuut, kwa'ak (Kiliwa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- fruit and seed are used as food; petal and leaf are boiled and used to bathe eye (Shipek 1991:70)

 

Rosa californica - California wildrose

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- petal is used in a tea to treat fever (Hedges 1986:39)

 

Rosa minutifolia - Baja rose; kesetót (Kiliwa)

Rubus ursinus - California blackberry

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- fruit is dried, cooked, eaten; root is boiled to treat diarrhea (Hedges 1986:39)

 

Sagittaria sp. - arrowhead, wild onion; xcaly, cel (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- dug with a stick, baked, mashed, eaten as a famine food (Kelly 1977:38)

 

Sagittaria latifolia - broadleaf arrowhead; cel (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- tuber is dug with a stick, baked, mashed, eaten (Castetter and Bell 1951:207-208)

 

Sairocarpus nuttallianus - violet snapdragon; pullaay (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- flower is boiled, oil is added, drunk as tea for cold (Shipek 1991:85)

 

Salicornia virginica - Virginia glasswort; semull (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- chewed for salt (Shipek 1991:96)

 

Salix sp. - willow, sauce; ejá(u), ''yaay, ''yaawsiiw, ''yaawkwxaa, iyau (Kiliwa); enyoh (Paipai); 'ayá:, aya (Cocopa); ahiyao, iyaú, 'aiyau, halsí (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- root is used for bow (Baegert 1952:64)
    • Kiliwa -- wood is used for bow; pole framework for house, branch for ramada roof (Meigs 1939:11, 30, 34; Michelsen 1977a:22)
    • Cocopa -- bark is used for skirt; bark is used in head ring for carrying; covering for house entrance; used for carrying or storage basket; used for working, drying, and eating surfaces; used for basketry fish trap; fire drill; paddle for ceramics; fiber for brush, cordage; bark is used for breechclout and skirt; branch is made into bow; scratching stick; wood is used for planting stick; split for gaming die; stick is put under fire and then lashed to form shinny stick; bark is used for shinny ball; used for pole and hoop game; post, rafter, and pole for structure; stick for wall; boat paddle; root is used in raft; bark is used as string; leaf is put in a pond to force fish to rise; firewood for ceramics; stick is used to singe hair; bark is used to wrap deer brains; used in granary basket (Álvarez 1995:58; Castetter and Bell 1951:94, 161; Gifford 1933:264, 266, 268, 270-273, 275-276, 280-282, 284, 290, 301; Kelly 1977:47-48, 50, 52, 55-56, 69, 90; Kniffen 1931:52, 54)
    • Kumeyaay -- juice is drunk at ceremonies; inner bark fiber is procured in summer, a fire is set around the base of the tree, bark is stripped off, soaked for a month, combed, tied, spun on thigh, woven on a frame; used for breechclout, woman's skirt, head ring, string to tie hair, blanket, cradle bedding and covering, string, lashing, shinny ball; bark is used in a tea to bathe newborn baby; ground charcoal is applied to tattoo; used for blanket; stem is used for basketry fish scoop; bow stave; pole for house framework, wind screen, granary, mourning ramada; branches for thatching; withe is used to carry fish; stick or paddle for stirring, handle for rattle; bird cage; stick is used as die; child's toy top; shredded bark is used as tinder; poor firewood (Almstedt 1968:3; Bravo 2008:186-187; Davis 1919:13; Gifford 1931:20-21, 25-28, 30, 32-34, 36-37, 39-40, 42, 44-47, 49, 52-53; Hohenthal 2001:117, 155, 176, 181, 186, 195, 218, 268-269; Merriam 1966-1967:256; Shipek 1991:25, 44, 46; Spier 1923:342, 347, 350; Smith 1971:38; Wilken 2008a:80)

 

Salix lasiolepis - arroyo willow; halasii (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- branch is used to form acorn granary (Hedges 1986:11, 39)

 

Salvia sp. - sage; ucasan, pasinor (general Baja California)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- seed is used in pinole (Longinos 1961:36)
    • Kumeyaay -- dried bark is used as tinder (Spier 1923:342)

 

Salvia apiana - white sage, yerba salvia; lltáay, piltai, pestaay, pellytaay (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- seed is toasted, ground, used in pinole, eaten; stalk is eaten; leaf and branch are dried, crumbled, stored, boiled used in a tea for cough, chest cold, blood tonic, poison oak; root or leaf is boiled, taken for catarrh; used in a tea on hair to treat dandruff, graying; leaf is burnt to fumigate house, smoked to treat cold; twig is hung in apron (Almstedt 1977:26, 28; Hedges 1986:39-41; Hinton 1975:219; Hohenthal 2001:278; Shipek 1991:96; Spier 1923:335, 340; Wilken 2008a:80)

 

Salvia carduacea - thistle sage; mulh'amulh (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- seed is eaten (Hedges 1986:41)

 

Salvia clevelandii - fragrant sage, salvareal

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- used as tobacco (Spier 1923:348)

 

Salvia columbariae - chia; psil (Kiliwa); awol, mulh'amulh, upsil (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- seed-bearing stem is gathered and stored; seed is boiled into mush for food (Almstedt 1968:10; Hedges 1986:41; Hohenthal 2001:117, 125, 138; Michelsen 1970b:42)

 

Salvia mellifera - black sage; ha'anya yul (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- leaf and stem are bried, boiled, used in bathing for flu, rheumatism, arthritis (Shipek 1991:96)

 

Sambucus nigra - blue elderberry, sauco; pal, p'al (Kiliwa); xsa:wk (Cocopa); hapal, hapa:l, kapexi:l, kapei:l, epal, kupall, k'pul (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa -- flower is brewed in drink to treat catarrh (Meigs 1939:10)
    • Kumeyaay -- berry is dried, boiled, eaten; flower is boiled and rubbed over aching joint or limb; blossom is dried, stored, brewed in a tea to treat fever, croup, to bathe newborn baby; used in a tea to treat breast ailment; used as a cigarette tube; fed to pet mockingbird; bark is used for woman's skirt; used as war club (Almstedt 1968:10. 1977:26-27, 29; Hedges 1986:41; Hohenthal 2001:67, 133-134, 242, 274, 276-277; Merriam 1966-1967:256; Shipek 1991:44; Spier 1923:315)

 

Sanicula arguta - sharptooth blacksnakeroot; chap (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- root is boiled, eaten; leaf is boiled as tea for cramp (Shipek 1991:97)

 

Sarcocornia pacifica - Pacific swampfire; semull (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- chewed for salt (Shipek 1991:96)

 

Scirpus sp. - bulrush, tule; esók, 'suq, 'xwiiy, esôk (Kiliwa); komumkh (round), cipil (square), ipil (Paipai); henyex, echpiL (Cocopa); kkomum (round), tipi:l (square), tupish (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa -- thatching for house (Meigs 1939:11, 31)
    • Cocopa -- pith of stems is eaten; root is boiled; pollen is sun-dried, winnowed, boiled, cooked in porridge, and stored; thatching on house; used in raft; pollen is used in a yellow paint (Gifford 1933:267-268, 271-272, 277; Kelly 1977:53, 58)
    • Kumeyaay -- bulb is roasted on coals, pealed, and eaten; pollen is eaten; bundle are tied to make balsas; cf. Typha sp. (Gifford 1931:23, 43; Hohenthal 2001:92, 139, 180)

 

Scrophularia californica - California figwort; anpúuy (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- root or whole plant is used in a tea for fever (Almstedt 1977:27; Hinton 1975:219)

 

Sebastiania bilocularis - arrow poison plant

  • Archaeological occurrence: Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:591-595)

 

Selaginella arizonica sp. - Arizona clubmoss

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:300)

 

Sesbania herbacea - hemp sesbania; ka:š (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- used for fishing net (Castetter and Bell 1951:221)

 

Setaria sp. - bristlegrass

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:298, 300-303, 305)

 

Simmondsia chinensis - jojoba; j-sí, xsi' (Kiliwa); kušu (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- seed is used to treat stomach disorder, childbirth, facial sore, chill; or not used (Aschmann 1966:53; Barco 1973:98)
    • Kiliwa -- seed is eaten as pinole (Meigs 1939:9)
    • Cocopa -- seed is cleaned, winnowed, pounted in a mortar, boiled, eaten (Castetter and Bell 1951:198)
    • Kumeyaay -- bean is roasted and the oil is rubbed on sore (Hohenthal 2001:278)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:592-595)

 

Sisyrinchium bellum - western blue-eyed grass; michkal (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- whole plant is boiled, used as tea for cramp (Shipek 1991:97)

 

Solanum hindsianum sp. - Hinds' nightshade

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:300)

 

Solanum xanti - chaparral nightshade; 'ewii wyiiw ("snake eyes") (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- whole plant is dried, ground, used to treat athlete's foot (Shipek 1991:97)

 

Solidago californica - California goldenrod

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- leaf and stem are boiled, used in a shampoo to prevent hair loss (Hedges 1986:43)

 

Spartina sp. - cordgrass; junái, kwnaayu (Kiliwa)

Spartina foliosa - California cordgrass; tapish (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- root is boiled, used to treat infant's constipation or difficulty in urination; bundle is used in house wall (Shipek 1991:97)

 

Stenocereus thurberi - organ pipe cactus, pitahaya dulce; tammia, dammia (Cochimí); ambia (Guaycura); nijíl (Kiliwa); a:á (Paipai)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- fruit is harvested in June-August with a hooked pole, spines are removed with a stick, fruit is carried, eaten; seed is collected from human feces, dried, winnowed, toasted, ground, eaten (Aschmann 1966:47, 63, 85, 88; Baegert 1952:23, 35, 1982:133, 144; Barco 1973:77-80, 180, 205; Burrus 1984:79, 84, 86, 115. 152; Clavijero 1937:33-35, 94; Sales 1956:15; Venegas 1943(1):55)
    • Kiliwa -- fruit is eaten raw (Meigs 1939:9)
    • Paipai -- stem is crushed, and milky juice is used to stupefy fish (Hohenthal 2001:138, 149, 234, 281)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1984:53)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:222, 298, 300-302)

 

Stephanomeria virgata - rod wirelettuce; telkuu (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- root is stored, boiled, drunk in liquid to treat intestinal worms (Shipek 1991:97)

 

Suaeda moquinii - alkali seepweed

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- used for soap (Shipek 1991:33, 98)

 

Suaeda suffrutescens - desert seepweed

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- used to dye basketry material black (Merrill 1923:221)

 

Tagetes sp. - marigold

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- used as a stomach stimulant (Longinos 1961:24)

 

Toxicodendron diversilobum - poison oak; sémelpákumák, semel-pak-kuhmak ("branch that eats"), smiilkwphuuy (Kiliwa); kuupaay, hupai (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- root is washed, boiled, used as an eye wash (Hedges 1986:43; Hohenthal 2001:278)

 

Trianthema portulacastrum - desert horse-purslane, verdolaga

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- seed is eaten (Aschmann 1966:90; Barco 1973:105)

 

Tribulus terrestris - puncture vine; xtpa nyxmanyáw (Cocopa)

Trichostema sp. - bluecurls, romero; 'qha (Kiliwa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- used in a tea to treat cold (Almstedt 1977:26)

 

Trichostema parishii - Parish's bluecurls, xa'a:nayul (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- drunk to prevent pregnancy; used in bathing at childbirth (Shipek 1991:44-45)

 

Trifolium sp. - clover

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- cooked, eaten (Hedges 1986:43)

 

Typha sp. - cattail, tule; xnyaly, cipil (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- emergency food; root is dug up with a pole, sun-dried, stored, pounded in a mortar, ground on a metate, boiled in water for a mush or with fish, eaten; green sprout is eaten; pollen is tapped from pollen head into a pit, sifted, stored, boiled, baked, used for flavoring; used for thatching; used to make raft; cf. Scirpus sp. (Castetter and Bell 1951:207, 209-210, 222; Kelly 1977:26, 36, 39, 53; Kniffen 1931:52, 54; Lumholtz 1912:370)

 

Urtica dioica - stinging nettle; hampasis (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- boiled for greens; bathed in liquid to treat poison oak and other skin diseases; used by whipping to treat rheumatism, arthritis, and in ceremony (Hedges 1986:43; Shipek 1991:98)

 

Vachellia farnesiana sp. - sweet acacia

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:299)

 

Viola pedunculata - pansy, Johnny-jump-up

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- leaf is boiled, eaten (Hedges 1986:43)

 

Vitis girdiana - desert wild grape

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- fruit is dried, cooked, eaten; sap is used to treat hair (Hedges 1986:43)

 

Washingtonia sp. - fan palm; ''muyu (Kiliwa); ñiao cuo cu (Paipai); mu:y (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Paipai -- fruit is ground, dried, eaten (Bendímez 1989:25, 47)
    • Cocopa -- date is harvested in August-September with a long pole; juice is squeezed, added to water, drunk; date is dried, eaten; base of leaf is eaten; seed is ground, eaten; seed is used in gourd rattle; leaf is used for woman's hat (Castetter and Bell 1951:197, 204-206; Gifford 1933:268; Kelly 1977:24, 40, 56)

 

Xanthium strumarium - cocklebur; kmnya (Cocopa)

Xylococcus bicolor - mission manzanita; haasill (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- berry is soaked, drunk; cf. Arctostaphylos sp. (Shipek 1991:98)

 

Yucca sp. - yucca, dátil, datilillo, sótol; a:a, sa:, sa:a, ša:a (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- root is roasted, eaten (Baegert 1952:66, 179)
    • Kiliwa -- fruit is collected using a hooked stick in July and August, eaten; leaf is used for lashing in construction; trunk is used for a kicking ball; leaf is used as a bullroarer (Meigs 1939:25, 31-32, 42, 45; Michelsen 1977a:22)
    • Paipai -- stalk is dried, used as fuel in firing pottery; frayed root is used to brush spines off Opuntia fruit (Hohenthal 2001:325; Smith 1972:9)
    • Kumeyaay -- stalk is cut, roasted in earth oven, pulp is sucked and spat out; fruit and flower are boiled and eaten; root is ground, used as a soap; fiber is used for sandal; frayed root is used as cleaning brush; used for lashing in house construction; stalks are used in construction of mourning ceremony house; used as foundation and for design elements in basketry (Davis 1919:9; Gifford 1931:38; Hedges 1986:11-12; Hohenthal 2001:138-139, 164, 168, 172, 176, 181, 219; Michelsen 1970b:1; Shipek 1991:25, 31, 33)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:274, 298, 300-302; Hyland 1997:310)

 

Yucca baccata - datil yucca, dátil; (a)má, 'ma' (Kiliwa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa -- fruit is collected in late July and August, stewed, eaten; leaf is used for lashing in house construction (Meigs 1939:9, 11)
    • Paipai -- harvested in September (Bendímez 1989:25)

 

Yucca schidigera - Mohave yucca, Spanish dagger, isote de Ensenada; sha'a, sháh-áh (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa -- used as food, construction material, clothing, soap, in ceremonies, and in crafts (Estrada and Castellón 2008)
    • Kumeyaay -- petal is boiled, eaten; seed is ground, cooked as mush, chopped for tea; root is mashed, used for soap; bark is used for soap; leaf is split, braided, shredded, used to tie structure, make a pottery rest, sandal, container; seed is used as a bead (Hedges 1986:45; Merriam 1966-1967:256; Shipek 1991:98; Spier 1923:347-348)

 

Yucca valida - datilillo

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- fruit is harvested in September-November, eaten (Aschmann 1966:37)
    • Pericú -- seeds are eaten (Andrews 1979:42, 67)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía Concepción area (Ritter 1979:592, 594)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:298)

 

Yucca whipplei - chaparral yucca; a'ák (Kiliwa); ah-koóchl, sha'aa (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa -- heart is collected at the prebudding stage in March and April, roasted, and eaten (Meigs 1939:9, 25)
    • Kumeyaay -- stem is roasted, pealed, eaten; blossom is boiled, eaten; leaf is buried in wet ground to extract fiber which is used in cradle, basketry, house construction (Almstedt 1968:10; Hedges 1986:45; Merriam 1966-1967:256; Spier 1923:338)

 

Zea mays - corn; ta'yit (Kiliwa); tiyé:c (Paipai); xca:s, akdjas, haca:s (Cocopa); tiyet, iyats (Kumeyaay). Varieties: haca:s ehan, haca:s wir, haca:s kwa:š, haca:s hamul, akdjas baliu, haca:s hwa:t (Cocopa); maiz yuma, tiyet ñak, "eastern corn" ; tiyet kwailymait'; tiyet tuñur, "painted corn"; maiz carrera, tiyet wer; tiyet kuluñ (Kumeyaay); maiz yuma, tiyé:c ha'mamá; maiz colorado, tiyé:c hwát; maiz amarillo, tiyé:c kwás; black or variegated Pueblo corn, tiyec ñak ("eastern corn"); popcorn, tiyé:c kiyái (Paipai)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- sown, weeded, protected, harvested, stored in an elevated willow basketry granary; pounded in a mortar, boiled, parched, mashed on a metate, baked; made into a mush, pinole; stored (Castetter and Bell 1951:100-106; Gifford 1933:263-264; Hohenthal 2001:116, 120, 123, 150-151, 320; Kelly 1977:42; Kniffen 1931:52, 54)
    • Kumeyaay -- cultivated; parched, ground on a slab metate, mixed with water, cooked, eaten (Gifford 1931:21-22, 40-41, 53, 60, 80)

 

Zosera sp. - sea grass

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2010c:66)

 

COMMON NAME OR HIGHER TAXON ONLYalfalfa, tanglefoot grass; jiwátu (Kiliwa); xiwat, haiwat, xaiwát, šiwat (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- used for sleeping mat, in house roof, in granary (Hohenthal 2001:184, 186, 191; Spier 1923:338, 347-348)

 

algae; šxamí, xmi: (Cocopa)

bledo (cf. Amaranthus spp., Chenopodium spp.)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- seed is harvested in October, eaten; plant is eaten (Aschmann 1966:90; Barco 1973:105-106; Burrus 1984:152)

 

borage, Boraginaceae

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:299)

 

cabecera de liebre; j-íl(u)-sepók (Kiliwa)

cachanilla larga; tmuwkwkus (Kiliwa)

cactus; paal (Kiliwa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- spine is used (Aschmann 1966:59)
    • Kiliwa -- fruit is collected in mid June, eaten raw (Meigs 1939:10, 25)
    • Cocopa -- fruit collected in August-September (Kelly 1977:25, 40)
    • Kumeyaay -- thorn is used in fish spear (Shipek 1991:29)

 

cañagría, sourweed

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay - used as a tonic (Hohenthal 2001:280)

 

cedar

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Isla Cedros (Des Lauriers 2008b:319, 323)

 

cruzesilla; hukwi (Kumeyaay)

deer grass

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- stalk is stored, used in basketry (Davis 1967:59)

 

duraznillo; 'sxnaalq (Kiliwa)

escoba; smiilsax (Kiliwa)

felario, felarillo; mai aguare (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- stem and leaf are cooked and eaten (Hohenthal 2001:137)

 

galleta grass; xinkil (Kiliwa)

geranco; gabat (general Baja California)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- seed is used in pinole (Longinos 1961:36)

 

golondrina

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- green leaf is cooked and taken to induce vomiting as a treatment for snakebite (Hohenthal 2001:275)

 

grass, Poaceae; ku-áy (Kiliwa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- used in woman's clothing (Aschmann 1966:94)
    • Pericú -- used for woman's clothing, string for ornament, bow string (Andrews 1979:37, 40, 64, 68, 91)
    • Cocopa -- seed is harvested in September-October (Kelly 1977:24)
    • Kumeyaay -- thatching material for house construction (Hohenthal 2001:181)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Bahía de los Ángeles area (Tyson 1973b:33)
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:299)

 

kelp

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- used in steaming abalone (Hohenthal 2001:148)

 

juanita, tronador; kwmnaa (Kiliwa)

lementista; kwalx (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- leaf is used in heating to produce abortion (Hohenthal 2001:197)

 

lettuce (wild), lechuguilla

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Paipai -- roasted in an oven (Bendímez 1989:48)

 

lichen; 'uha'hsu'uu ("rock's father") (Kiliwa)

mallow, Malvaceae

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- used in cordage (Longinos 1961:36)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:300)

 

manzo

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- root is used to treat insect sting or ulcer (Longinos 1961:25)

 

marsh grass; kunaayu (Kiliwa)

mezquitillo

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- root is used to dye deer skin (Clavijero 1937:53)

 

moronél; kuwak miyu:l (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- leaf is cooked and applied as a compress to relieve eye ache or eye strain; applied to wound; used to treat venereal disease (Hohenthal 2001:278, 280)

 

mold; s'lxaay, s'lxayu (Kiliwa)

mountain ash, fresno; itup, x:tp (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • KumeyaayUsed for bow stave (Hohenthal 2001:142; Spier 1923:350)

 

mushroom; ka:lúl, 'uyú:c (Cocopa); hettapun (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- eaten (Hedges 1986:46)

 

mustard, Brassicaceae

  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Central Sierras (Gutiérrez and Hyland 2002:299)

 

nettle; jumú (Kiliwa); hape mux (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- leaf is boiled and eaten; applied on the skin as a counterirritant for ache or pain; pod is used as a comb (Hohenthal 2001:278, 280; Spier 1923:335, 341)

 

palm

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- fruit is eaten; frond is pounded, fiber is used in woman's clothing, bag;; used for net; bark is used to make tray wood is used to make ladder; board is used to hold feathers (Barco 1973:102, 185-186, 190; Ortega 1944:414; Venegas 1943(1):77, 81)
  • Archaeological occurrence:
    • Cape Region (Carmean and Molto 1991:27; Stewart et al. 1998:3, 6, 8; Tyson 1979:22-23)
    • Central Sierras (Hyland 1997:162, 165, 314)

 

palmita

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- seed is eaten (Michelsen 1970b:42)

 

pimentilla

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- boiled, eaten (Barco 1973:100; Clavijero 1937:41)

 

pink bean, frijol colorado; marik, marek (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- green or immature bean pod is sometimes boiled and eaten (Hohenthal 2001:121)

 

pitahayita; 'phal (Kiliwa)

quinine weed; xakwEx:ár (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- braided into a ceremonial belt (Spier 1923:320)

 

regalis

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- root is used to treat chest ailment (Longinos 1961:24)

 

repugo; tesáu (Kiliwa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa -- seed is eaten as pinole (Meigs 1939:10)

 

romero, rosemary (?); anya yu:l (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- leaf is cooked in a poultice to treat boil or carbunkle (Hohenthal 2001:278)

 

romero, romerillo; kwpsnqhawptay (Kiliwa); cimapi:l (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa -- used for thatching (Meigs 1939:31)
    • Kumeyaay -- leaf is crushed in water to wash area affected by poison oak (Hohenthal 2001:278)

 

seaweed; šamuk (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- eaten (Shipek 1991:30)

 

squaw weed; hlpk (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- seed is ground and eaten dry or made into a cake (Spier 1923:335)

 

thistle sage; mlti'mpuul (Kiliwa)

watercress, verro

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- eaten as a salad; leaf is crushed in water, infusion is drunk cold to purify the blood; taken to cleanse the liver (Hohenthal 2001:137, 278, 280)

 

wild plum; axkai, xkai (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- fruit is gathered; acorn is cracked with mano and metate, sun dried, tossed in basket, made into mush or cake; used as a tea; grove is owned (Shipek 1991:70; Spier 1923:307, 334-335)

 

wild sweet pea; milkasup (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- seed is eaten (Shipek 1991:31)

 

yerba anis; xlpaq (Kiliwa)

yerba buena; poléa (Kiliwa)

yerba colorada; ikís (Kiliwa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa -- root is used to tan deer hide (Meigs 1939:11)

 

yerba golpe

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Paipai -- used to treat bruise, contusion, internal disorder (Hohenthal 2001:329)

 

NATIVE NAME ONLYachek (Cocopa)

akicha (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- cultivated (Gifford 1933:267)

 

akwai (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- seed is eaten dry (Hohenthal 2001:137; Spier 1923:336)

 

akwer (Cocopa)

akwil (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- nut is collected (Gifford 1931:8)

 

'amaL (Kumeyaay); a sprout-like plant

asiiya kaawii (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- used in a tea to treat kidney or bladder ailment (Hedges 1986:45)

 

awimimedje (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- piece of root is sucked to combat fatigue and give luck; root and leaf are boiled as a tea for sore throat, constipation, flatus; wash or pulverized dust is applied to sore (Gifford 1933:268)

 

awL (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- oily seed is ground for flour (Spier 1923:336)

 

ax:p'áL (Kumeyaay)

ekwaí

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- white seed is used in ceremony (Spier 1923:320)

 

erkish (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- seed is eaten (Gifford 1933:267)

 

erkwap (Cocopa)

ekwáRp (Kumeyaay); possibly Chenopodium sp.

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- seed is roasted, ground, made into mush or cake (Spier 1923:335)

 

ernyikaseh (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- seed is cracked on a metate, winnowed, soaked, ground, used for mush (Gifford 1933:267)

 

guigil (Cochimí)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- fruit is harvested in March-April, eaten (Barco 1973:99; Clavijero 1937:56)

 

ha'L (Kumeyaay)

herkwaa (Cocopa)

heshmicha (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- a planted grain (Gifford 1933:267)

 

hosil (Cocopa); cf. Arctostaphylos pungens

'i:mány (Cocopa)

inba (Cocopa)

jeljú, jelú (Kiliwa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa -- fiber is used in net (Meigs 1939:11, 38)

 

jilpák (Kiliwa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa -- used to treat illness (Meigs 1939:66)

 

jiwélu (Kiliwa)

juapsau (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- root is used to dye deer hide for quiver (Meigs 1972:37)

 

komaarx (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- leaf is boiled, leached, boiled again, eaten (Hedges 1986:45)

 

kemu'm (Cocopa)

kosik (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- berry is eaten as a famine food (Hohenthal 2001:137)

 

kuíl (Kiliwa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa -- seed is collected in September and October, eaten in mush (Meigs 1939:9)

 

kunaay (Kiliwa); mesquite-like shrub

kw'hiw (Kiliwa)

kwmuum (Kiliwa)

kw:š (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- used for cordage in fishing (Kelly 1977:52)

 

lksis, lyksis, xlksis (Cocopa)

lyxp'i, xlyp'i (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- leaf is boiled, liquid is used to wash body sore (Crawford 1989:114)

 

manuwek (Kiliwa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa -- root is used in tanning (Meigs 1939:11)

 

matapá (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- pink seed is used in ceremony (Spier 1923:320)

 

mcay (Kiliwa)

meniwí (Kiliwa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kiliwa -- branch is used for throwing-stick; trunk is used for post; used to make cradle (Meigs 1939:11, 40)

 

meškwa (Cocopa)

mešwip (Cocopa)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Cocopa -- bush is used to poison arrow for war (Kelly 1977:52)

 

mikwijh (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- root is used to dye deer hide for quiver (Meigs 1972:37)

 

milapa (Cochimí)

naka:t (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- a poisonous weed (Hohenthal 2001:124)

 

nyus (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- root is boiled, eaten (Gifford 1931:24)

 

owáL (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- red seed is used in ceremony (Spier 1923:320)

 

pá-iu (Kiliwa)

panch (general Baja California)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- seed is used in pinole (Longinos 1961:36)

 

pegola, pitch tree

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • general Baja California -- resin is used to attach arrow foreshaft (Clavijero 1937:54, 99)

 

pelxiu (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- leaf is boiled in salted water (Hohenthal 2001:137)

 

piltai (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- herb with which mourner washes himself (Hohenthal 2001:259)

 

t'msuqciw (Kiliwa)

txmá (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- used as fire drill (Spier 1923:342)

 

wRó (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- seed is winnowed, crushed in a metate, eaten dry (Gifford 1931:24)

 

x'ilusupuq ("jackrabbit's pillow", "cabecera de liebre") (Kiliwa)

xl'xuw (Kiliwa)

'xpir (Kiliwa)

yidut (Kumeyaay)

  • Ethnographic testimony:
    • Kumeyaay -- stem is boiled, pealed, eaten (Gifford 1931:24)

 

Stored

COCOPA

Plants: Amaranthus palmeri, Cucurbita moschata, Lycium fremontii, Phaseolus acutifolius, Prosopis juliflora, Prosopis pubescens, Scirpus sp., Typha sp., Zea mays

 

 

KILIWA

 

Mammals: Odocoileus hemionus

KUMEYAAY

Plants: Atriplex torreyi, Cucurbita sp., Diplacus puniceus, Ephedra californica, Eriodictyon trichocalyx, Galium angustifolium, Grindelia hirsutula, Juncus sp., Limonium californicum, Paeonia californica, Prosopis juliflora, Rhamnus californica, Rhus trilobata, Salvia apiana, Salvia columbariae, Sambucus nigra, Stephanomeria virgata; deer grass

 

 

PAIPAI

 

Plants: Pinus quadrifolia

 

 

GENERAL BAJA CALIFORNIA

 

Land Invertebrates: insects, worms

Plants: Antigonon leptopus, Machaerocereus gummosus, Pachycereus pringlei, Parkinsonia microphyllum

Dried

 

 

COCOPA

 

Fish

Plants: Ammobroma sp., Cucurbita moschata, Distichlis palmeri, Echinochloa crusgalli, Lagenaria siceraria, Phoradendron sp., Prosopis juliflora, Prosopis pubescens, Scirpus sp., Typha sp., Washingtonia sp.

 

 

GUAYCURA

 

Plants: Stenocereus thurberi

 

 

KILIWA

 

Mammals: Odocoileus hemionus

Fish: Leuresthes tenuis

Marine Invertebrates: clam

Plants: Agave deserti

 

 

KUMEYAAY

 

Fish: Leuresthes tenuis

Marine Invertebrates: Haliotis sp.; clam

Plants: Agave sp., Artemisia sp., Cercocarpus montanus, Cucurbita sp., Diplacus puniceus, Ephedra californica, Eriodictyon trichocalyx, Eriogonum fasciculatum, Galium angustifolium, Grindelia hirsutula, Juncus textilis, Limonium californicum, Opuntia basilaris, Prosopis juliflora, Prunus ilicifolia, Quercus dumosa, Quercus peninsularis, Rhus trilobata, Rubus ursinus, Salvia apiana, Sambucus nigra, Solanum xanti, Vitis girdiana; wild plum

 

 

PAIPAI

 

Marine Invertebrates: Haliotis sp.

Plants: Agave sp., Opuntia sp., Washingtonia sp., Yucca sp.

 

 

GENERAL BAJA CALIFORNIA

 

Mammals: Lepus californicus, Sylvilagus sp.

Plants: Ferocactus sp., Pachycereus pringlei

Soaked

 

 

COCOPA

 

Mammals: Odocoileus hemionus

Plants: Atriplex lentiformis, Prosopis juliflora, Prosopis pubescens; ernyikaseh

 

 

KILIWA

 

Plants: Agave sp.

 

 

KUMEYAAY

 

Plants: Agave sp., Atriplex torreyi, Juncus sp., Pluchea sericea, Prosopis juliflora, Rhus integrifolia, Rhus trilobata, Salix sp., Xylococcus bicolor

Ground / Pounded

 

 

COCHIMI

 

Plants: Agave sp., Jatropha cuneata; palm

 

 

COCOPA

 

Fish: sardine

Plants: Agave sp., Amaranthus palmeri, Atriplex lentiformis, Atriplex polycarpa, Cucurbita moschata, Datura sp., Descurainia pinnata, Distichlis palmeri, Echinochloa crusgalli, Ephedra sp., Ferocactus cylindraceus, Lycium fremontii, Olneya tesota, Panicum sp., Parkinsonia floridum, Parkinsonia microphyllum, Phaseolus acutifolius, Phoradendron sp., Pinus sp., Prosopis juliflora, Prosopis pubescens, Sagittaria latifolia, Typha sp., Washingtonia sp., Zea mays; awimimedje, ernyikaseh

 

 

GUAYCURA

 

Plants: Stenocereus thurberi

 

 

KILIWA

 

Mammals: Lepus californicus

Plants: Arctostaphylos sp., Datura sp., Juniperus californica, Pinus sp., Quercus sp., Rhamnus sp.

 

 

KUMEYAAY

 

Mammals: Odocoileus hemionus; mouse, rat, rabbit

Birds: vulture

Reptiles: lizard

Marine Invertebrates: Haliotis sp., Ostrea sp.; clam

Plants: Agave sp., Anemopsis californica, Arctostaphylos pungens, Argemone sp., Artemisia sp., Asclepias subulata, Atriplex californica, Atriplex torreyi, Baccharis salicifolia, Brodiaea sp., Ceanothus sp., Chenopodium sp., Cucurbita foetidissima, Cyperus erythrorhizos, Datura sp., Ephedra sp., Eriogonum fasciculatum, Hemizonia fasciculata, Lonicera sp., Marah macrocarpus, Nicotiana attenuata, Opuntia sp., Pellaea mucronata, Phoradendron sp., Pinus sp., Pinus torreyana, Prosopis glandulosa, Prosopis juliflora, Prunus ilicifolia, Quercus dumosa, Quercus engelmannii, Quercus peninsularis, Rhus integrifolia, Salix sp., Salvia apiana, Solanum xanti, Yucca sp., Yucca schidigera, Zea mays; romero, squaw weed, watercress, wild plum; awL, EkwáRp, wRó

 

 

PAIPAI

 

Plants: Agave sp., Datura sp., Stenocereus thurberi, Washingtonia sp.

 

 

PERICU

 

Plants: Amaranthus sp.

 

 

GENERAL BAJA CALIFORNIA

 

Mammals: Odocoileus hemionus

Land Invertebrates: locust, spider

Plants: Acacia brandegeana, Agave sp., Antigonon leptopus, Ferocactus sp., Machaerocereus gummosus, Pachycereus pringlei, Parkinsonia microphyllum, Stenocereus thurberi

Boiled

 

 

COCOPA

 

Fish: sardine

Land Invertebrates: Hiles lineata; aphid

Plants: Amaranthus palmeri, Ammobroma sp., Atriplex lentiformis, Chenopodium fremontii, Cucurbita moschata, Ephedra sp., Euphorbia sp., Lycium fremontii, Phaseolus acutifolius, Phoradendron sp., Pinus sp., Scirpus sp., Simmondsia chinensis, Typha sp., Zea mays; awimimedje, lyxp'i

 

 

KILIWA

 

Plants: Ephedra californica, Eriogonum fasciculatum, Ferocactus sp., Juniperus californica, Larrea tridentata, Prosopis glandulosa, Sambucus nigra

 

 

KUMEYAAY

 

Mammals: rabbit, whale

Birds: vulture

Fish

Marine Invertebrates: shellfish

Plants: Adenostoma sparsifolium, Ambrosia psilostachya, Amsinckia sp., Arctostaphylos sp., Artemisia sp., Atriplex californica, Baccharis sarothroides, Batis maritima, Brickellia californica, Calystegia macrostegia, Ceanothus leucodermis, Cercocarpus montanus, Chamaesyce albomarginata, Claytonia perfoliata, Cneoridium dumosum, Coreopsis maritima, Corethrogyne filaginifolia, Croton californicus, Cucurbita foetidissima, Cuscuta californica, Datura sp., Daucus pusillus, Diplacus puniceus, Distichlis spicata, Ephedra californica, Equisetum laevigatum, Ericameria brachylepis, Eriodictyon californicum, Eriodictyon trichocalyx, Eriogonum fasciculatum, Eriophyllum confertiflorum, Euphorbia sp., Ferocactus sp., Fragaria vesca, Frankenia salina, Galium angustifolium, Grindelia hirsutula, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Hazardia squarrosa, Helianthemum scoparium, Heliotropium curassavicum, Hemizonia fasciculata, Juniperus californica, Larrea tridentata, Limonium californicum, Lonicera sp., Lupinus sp., Malosma laurina, Malvastrum sp., Marah macrocarpus, Matricaria discoidea, Mirabilis californica, Monardella lanceolata, Opuntia sp., Paeonia californica, Pellaea andromedifolia, Pellaea mucronata, Platanus racemosa, Polypodium californicum, Populus fremontii, Prosopis juliflora, Prunus emarginata, Prunus ilicifolia, Pseudognaphalium bicolor, Quercus dumosa, Quercus engelmannii, Rhamnus californica, Rhus integrifolia, Rhus ovata, Rhus trilobata, Rosa californica, Rubus ursinus, Sairocarpus nuttallianus, Salix sp., Salvia apiana, Salvia columbariae, Salvia mellifera, Sambucus nigra, Sanicula arguta, Scrophularia californica, Sisyrinchium bellum, Solidago californica, Spartina foliosa, Stephanomeria virgata, Toxicodendron diversilobum, Trichostema sp., Urtica dioica, Viola pedunculata, Yucca schidigera, Yucca whipplei; nettle, pink bean, wild plum; asiiya kaawii, hapurl, komaarx, nyus, pelxiu, yidut

 

 

PAIPAI

 

Plants: Ephedra sp.

 

 

GENERAL BAJA CALIFORNIA

 

Plants: Pachycereus pringlei; pimentilla

Cooked in Pit / Oven

 

 

COCOPA

 

Land Invertebrates: Hiles lineata

Plants: Agave deserti, Atriplex lentiformis

 

 

KILIWA

 

Plants: Agave deserti, Opuntia sp.

 

 

KUMEYAAY

 

Plants: Agave deserti, Atriplex torreyi, Yucca sp.

 

 

PAIPAI

 

Plants: Agave sp.; lettuce

Roasted / Baked / Toasted / Parched / Fried

 

 

COCOPA

 

Fish

Land Invertebrates: Hiles lineata

Plants: Agave deserti, Amaranthus caudatus, Amaranthus palmeri, Ammobroma sp., Atriplex lentiformis, Cucurbita moschata, Echinochloa crusgalli, Olneya tesota, Parkinsonia floridum, Parkinsonia microphylla, Phaseolus acutifolius, Zea mays

 

 

GUAYCURA

 

Plants: Agave sp.

 

 

KILIWA

 

Plants: Agave deserti, Ferocactus sp., Yucca whipplei

 

 

KUMEYAAY

 

Mammals: mouse, rabbit, rat, whale

Birds: vulture

Land Invertebrates: grasshopper, locust

Plants: Agave sp., Anemopsis californica, Pinus torreyana, Salvia apiana, Scirpus sp., Simmondsia chinensis, Yucca whipplei, Zea mays; EkwáRp

 

 

MONQUI

 

Fish: Sphoeroides lobatus

 

 

PAIPAI

 

Plants: Agave sp., Pinus quadrifolia; lettuce

 

 

PERICU

 

Fish

 

 

GENERAL BAJA CALIFORNIA

 

Mammals: Odocoileus hemionus; bat, mouse, squirrel

Fish

Land Invertebrates: caterpillar, insect, locust, worm

Plants: Acacia brandegeana, Agave sp., Antigonon leptopus, Ferocactus sp., Machaerocereus gummosus, Merremia aurea, Pachycereus pringlei, Parkinsonia, Stenocereus thurberi microphylla, Yucca sp.

Food

 

 

COCHIMI

 

Plants: Agave sp., Opuntia sp., Stenocereus thurberi; palm

 

COCOPA

 

Mammals: Neotoma sp.; rat

Birds: duck

Fish: bass

Land Invertebrates: Hiles lineata; aphid, insect, louse

Plants: Agave deserti, Amaranthus caudatus, Amaranthus palmeri, Ammobroma sp., Atriplex lentiformis, Chenopodium fremontii, Cucurbita moschata, Distichlis palmeri, Ferocactus cylindraceus, Lycium fremontii,Opuntia engelmannii, Panicum hirticaule, Panicum sonorum, Parkinsonia floridum, Parkinsonia microphylla, Prosopis juliflora, Rorippa sp., Sagittaria latifolia, Scirpus sp., Simmondsia chinensis, Typha sp., Washingtonia sp., Zea mays; erkish, ernyikaseh

 

 

GUAYCURA

 

Mammals: bat, mouse, rat

Reptiles and Amphibians: lizard, snake, toad, turtle

Fish

Land Invertebrates: caterpillar, spider

Plants: Agave sp., Cyrtocarpa edulis, Machaerocereus gummosus, Pachycereus sp., Stenocereus thurberi

 

 

KILIWA

 

Mammals: Antilocapra americana, Lepus californicus, Odocoileus hemionus, Ovis canadensis, Puma concolor

Reptiles and Amphibians: lizard, snake

Fish: Leuresthes tenuis

Marine Invertebrates: Haliotis sp.; clam

Plants: Agave deserti, Arctostaphylos sp., Ferocactus sp., Lycium sp., Olneya tesota, Opuntia sp., Opuntia bigelovii, Opuntia cholla, Pachycereus pringlei, Pinus quadrifolia, Prosopis glandulosa, Quercus sp., Rhamnus sp., Simmondsia chinensis, Stenocereus thurberi, Yucca baccata, Yucca whipplei; repugo; kuíl

 

 

KUMEYAAY

 

Mammals: Antilocapra americana, Lepus californicus, Neotoma sp., Odocoileus hemionus, Ovis canadensis, Procyon lotor, Puma concolor, Spermophilus sp., Sylvilagus sp., Thomomys bottae, Ursus americanus, Zalophus californianus; mouse, rat, skunk, whale

Birds: Callipepla gambelii, Columbina passerina, Geococcyx californianus; duck, quail

Reptiles and Amphibians: Heloderma suspectum, Sauromalus obesus; rattlesnake, turtle

Fish: Leuresthes tenuis

Marine Invertebrates: Haliotis sp.; clam, crab, shrimp

Land Invertebrates: grasshopper, insect, spider

Plants: Agave deserti, Amaranthus retroflexus, Anemopsis californica, Arctostaphylos glauca, Arctostaphylos pungens, Atriplex torreyi, Batis maritima, Brodiaea sp., Chenopodium californicum, Claytonia perfoliata, Cleome isomeris, Cyperus erythrorhizos, Dudleya lanceolata, Dudleya pulverulenta, Fragaria vesca, Juniperus californica, Limonium californicum, Linum sp., Monardella lanceolata, Opuntia basilaris, Opuntia phaecantha, Paeonia californica, Pinus monophylla, Pinus quadrifolia, Pinus torreyana, Prosopis glandulosa, Prosopis juliflora, Prunus ilicifolia, Quercus agrifolia, Quercus crysolepis, Quercus dumosa, Quercus engelmannii, Quercus kellogii, Quercus peninsularis, Ramona polystachya, Rhus integrifolia, Rosa sp., Rubus ursinus, Salix sp., Salvia apiana, Salvia carduacea, Salvia columbariae, Sambucus nigra, Sanicula arguta, Scirpus sp., Trifolium sp., Urtica dioica, Viola pedunculata, Vitis girdiana, Xylococcus bicolor, Yucca schidigera, Yucca whipplei, Zea mays; felario, mushroom, pink bean, seaweed, squaw weed, watercress, wild plum, wild sweet pea; akwai, EkwáRp, komaarx, kosik, nyus, wRó, yidut

 

 

MONQUI

 

Mammals: Ovis canadensis

Fish: Sphoeroides lobatus

 

 

PAIPAI

 

Marine Invertebrates: Haliotis sp.

Plants: Agave sp., Opuntia sp., Pinus quadrifolia, Washingtonia sp.

 

 

PERICU

 

Mammals: Odocoileus hemionus, Vulpes sp.; rat

Fish

Plants: Agave sp., Amaranthus sp., Cyrtocarpa edulis, Merremia aurea, Stenocereus thurberi

 

 

GENERAL BAJA CALIFORNIA

 

Mammals: Canis familiaris, Lepus californicus, Lynx rufus, Odocoileus hemionus, Puma concolor, Sylvilagus sp.; bat, mouse, rat, squirrel

Birds: owl

Reptiles and Amphibians: Chelonia mydas; lizard, newt, rattlesnake

Fish: porcupine fish

Marine Invertebrates: Pinctada mazatlanica; cuttlefish

Land Invertebrates: Aphonopelma sp.; caterpillar, cricket, grasshopper, insect, locust, louse, wasp, worm

Plants: Acacia brandegeana, Agave sp., Antigonon leptopus, Arundo sp., Cnidoscolus sp., Cyrtocarpa edulis, Ferocactus sp., Ficus palmeri, Juncus sp., Lysiloma candida, Machaerocereus gummosus, Merremia aurea, Opuntia sp., Pachycereus pringlei, Pachycereus schottii, Parkinsonia microphylla, Pinus sp., Prosopis juliflora, Quercus sp., Salvia columbariae, Stenocereus thurberi, Trianthema portulacastrum, Yucca valida; bledo, geranco, palmita, pimentilla; guigil, panch

Medicine

 

 

COCOPA

 

Plants: Ephedra sp., Euphorbia sp., Prosopis juliflora; awimimedje, lyxp'i

 

 

KILIWA

 

Plants: Anemopsis californica, Ephedra californica, Eriogonum fasciculatum, Peucephyllum sp., Sambucus nigra; jilpák

 

 

KUMEYAAY

 

Birds: vulture

Reptiles and Amphibians: rattlesnake

Plants: Abronia villosa, Adenostoma sparsifolium, Ambrosia psilostachya, Amsinckia sp., Anemopsis californica, Arctostaphylos sp., Argemone sp., Artemisia sp., Atriplex californica, Baccharis salicifolia, Baccharis sarothroides, Brickellia californica, Calystegia macrostegia, Ceanothus leucodermis, Cercocarpus montanus, Chamaesyce albomarginata, Clematis pauciflora, Cneoridium dumosum, Coreopsis maritima, Corethrogyne filaginifolia, Croton californicus, Cuscuta californica, Daucus pusillus, Diplacus puniceus, Distichlis spicata, Dudleya pulverulenta, Ephedra californica, Equisetum laevigatum, Ericameria brachylepis, Eriodictyon californicum, Eriodictyon trichocalyx, Eriogonum fasciculatum, Eriophyllum confertiflorum, Euphorbia sp., Fragaria vesca, Frankenia salina, Galium angustifolium, Grindelia hirsutula, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Hazardia squarrosa, Helianthemum scoparium, Heliotropium curassavicum, Hemizonia fasciculata, Heteromeles arbutifolia, Juniperus californica, Lagenaria siceraria, Larrea tridentata, Lepidium nitidum, Lonicera sp., Lupinus sp., Malosma laurina, Malvastrum sp., Marah macrocarpus, Matricaria discoidea, Mimulus sp., Mirabilis californica, Monardella lanceolata, Paeonia californica, Pellaea andromedifolia, Pellaea mucronata, Phoradendron tomentosum, Physalis philadelphica, Platanus racemosa, Polypodium californicum, Populus fremontii, Prosopis juliflora, Prunus emarginata, Prunus ilicifolia, Pseudognaphalium bicolor, Quercus dumosa, Rhamnus californica, Rhus integrifolia, Rhus ovata, Rosa californica, Rubus ursinus, Sairocarpus nuttallianus, Salvia apiana, Salvia mellifera, Sambucus nigra, Sanicula arguta, Scrophularia californica, Simmondsia chinensis, Sisyrinchium bellum, Solanum xanti, Solidago californica, Spartina foliosa, Stephanomeria virgata, Toxicodendron diversilobum, Trichostema parishii, Urtica dioica, Vitis girdiana; cañagría, golondrina, lementista, moronél, nettle, romero, watercress; asiiya kaawii

 

 

PAIPAI

 

Plants: Ephedra sp.; yerba golpe

 

 

GENERAL BAJA CALIFORNIA

 

Plants: Adiantum sp., Aristolochia pentandra, Krameria erecta, Larrea tridentata, Mencelia aspera, Mimosa sp., Pachycereus pringlei, Perdicium sp., Plumbago sp., Simmondsia chinensis, Tagetes sp.; regalis, manzo

Tools

 

 

COCHIMI

 

Plants: Ammi visnaga

 

 

COCOPA

 

Birds: hawk

Mammals: Odocoileus hemionus

Marine Invertebrates: clam

Plants: Lagenaria siceraria, Olneya tesota, Pluchea sericea, Populus fremontii, Prosopis juliflora, Prosopis pubescens, Salix sp.

 

 

KILIWA

 

Mammals: Ovis canadensis

Plants: Agave sp., Arundo sp., Baccharis salicifolia, Quercus sp., Salix sp.; meniwí

 

 

KUMEYAAY

 

Birds: Colaptes auratus; hawk

Mammals: Odocoileus hemionus

Marine Invertebrates: Haliotis sp.

Plants: Adenostoma fasciculatum, Agave sp., Arctostaphylos glauca, Arundo sp., Ceanothus sp., Ferocactus sp., Lagenaria siceraria, Nolina parryi, Opuntia sp., Pluchea sericea, Populus fremontii, Prosopis juliflora, Prosopis pubescens, Prunus ilicifolia, Quercus dumosa, Salix sp., Sambucus nigra, Yucca sp.; cactus, mountain ash, nettle; txmá

 

 

PAIPAI

 

Marine Invertebrates: Haliotis sp.

Plants: Acacia greggii, Quercus dumosa, Yucca sp.

 

 

PERICU

 

Plants: Arundo sp.

 

 

GENERAL BAJA CALIFORNIA

 

Birds: hawk

Plants: Arundo sp., Salix sp.

Construction Materials

 

 

COCOPA

 

Mammals: rabbit

Plants: Pluchea sericea, Populus fremontii, Prosopis juliflora, Salix sp., Scirpus sp., Typha sp.

 

 

KILIWA

 

Plants: Dasylirion wheeleri, Salix sp., Scirpus sp., Yucca baccata; meniwí

 

 

KUMEYAAY

 

Plants: Adenostoma fasciculatum, Arundo sp., Baccharis salicifolia, Dasylirion wheeleri, Haplopappus sp., Lotus scoparius, Platanus racemosa, Pluchea sericea, Populus fremontii, Quercus dumosa, Rhamnus sp., Salix lasiolepis, Scirpus sp., Yucca schidigera; alfalfa, grass

 

 

PERICU

 

Plants: Arundo sp.

 

 

GENERAL BAJA CALIFORNIA

 

Plants: Annona glabra, Erythrina flabelliformis

Basketry / Cordage

 

 

COCHIMI

 

Mammals: whale

Plants: palm

 

COCOPA

 

Mammals: Odocoileus hemionus

Plants: Agave sp., Prosopis juliflora, Salix sp.; kw:š

 

 

GUAYCURA

 

Plants: Agave sp.

 

 

KILIWA

 

Plants: Agave deserti, Yucca baccata; jljú

 

 

KUMEYAAY

 

Mammals: Odocoileus hemionus

Plants: Agave sp., Asclepias subulata, Juncus acutus, Juncus textilis, Muhlenbergia rigens, Prosopis juliflora, Quercus crysolepis, Rhus trilobata, Salix sp., Yucca schidigera, Yucca whipplei; deer grass

 

 

PAIPAI

 

Plants: Agave sp.

 

 

PERICU

 

Mammals: Odocoileus hemionus

Plants: Agave sp.; palm

 

 

GENERAL BAJA CALIFORNIA

 

Mammals: Odocoileus hemionus

Plants: Agave sp., Asclepias subulata, Juncus sp.

Containers

 

 

COCOPA

 

Mammals: Canis latrans, Odocoileus hemionus

Plants: Lagenaria siceraria

 

 

KILIWA

 

Plants: Agave deserti

 

 

KUMEYAAY

 

Mammals: Lynx rufus, Odocoileus hemionus

Marine Invertebrates: Haliotis sp.

Plants: Agave sp., Lagenaria siceraria

 

 

PAIPAI

 

Plants: Agave sp.

 

 

GENERAL BAJA CALIFORNIA

 

Mammals: Lepus californicus, Sylvilagus sp.

Reptiles and Amphibians: turtle

Plants: Agave sp.

Firewood

 

 

COCOPA

 

Plants: Pluchea sericea, Populus fremontii, Salix sp.

 

 

KILIWA

 

Plants: Agave sp., Baccharis salicifolia

 

 

KUMEYAAY

 

Plants: Adenostoma fasciculatum, Arctostaphylos glauca, Populus fremontii, Prosopis juliflora, Prosopis pubescens, Quercus agrifolia, Salix sp.

 

 

PAIPAI

 

Plants: Larrea tridentata, Quercus dumosa

 

 

GENERAL BAJA CALIFORNIA

 

Plants: Pachycereus pringlei

Clothing / Personal Adornment

 

 

COCHIMI

 

Mammals: Castor sp., Lepus californicus, Odocoileus hemionus, Sylvilagus sp., Vulpes sp.; seal

Plants: Agave sp., Arundo sp.

 

COCOPA

 

Mammals: Odocoileus hemionus

Birds: Corvus brachyrhynchos; egret, hawk, owl

Marine Invertebrates: shellfish

Plants: Agave sp., Populus fremontii, Salix sp., Washingtonia sp.

 

 

GUAYCURA

 

Mammals: Odocoileus hemionus

Plants: Arundo sp.

 

 

KILIWA

 

Mammals: Odocoileus hemionus

Marine Invertebrates: Haliotis sp.

Plants: Agave deserti, Arundo sp.

 

 

KUMEYAAY

 

Mammals: Odocoileus hemionus; rabbit

Birds: Colaptes auratus; eagle

Marine Invertebrates: Chione fluctifraga, Haliotis sp., Ostrea sp.

Plants: Agave sp., Asclepias subulata, Carex sp., Prosopis juliflora, Salix sp., Salvia apiana, Sambucus nigra, Yucca schidigera

 

 

PAIPAI

 

Mammals: Odocoileus hemionus

Plants: Agave sp.

 

 

PERICU

 

Mammals: Odocoileus hemionus

Birds: Pelicanus sp.

Marine Invertebrates: Haliotis sp.

Plants: Agave sp.; grass, palm

 

 

GENERAL BAJA CALIFORNIA

 

Mammals: Antilocapra americana, Enhydra lutris, Lepus californicus, Odocoileus hemionus, Sylvilagus sp.; seal

Birds: Pelicanus sp.; hawk

Marine Invertebrates: Pinctada mazatlanica

Plants: Agave sp., Arundo sp., Phragmites australis; grass

Ceremonial Uses

 

 

COCHIMI

 

Mammals: Odocoileus hemionus

 

 

COCOPA

 

Mammals: Taxidea taxus

Birds: owl, vulture

Plants: Datura sp., Prosopis juliflora, Washingtonia sp.

 

 

KILIWA

 

Mammals: Odocoileus hemionus

Reptiles and Amphibians: Gopherus agassizii

Plants: Agave sp., Arundo sp., Datura sp., Ferocactus sp., Pinus sp., Yucca sp.

 

 

KUMEYAAY

 

Mammals: Odocoileus hemionus

Birds: Bubo virginianus, Colaptes auratus, Corvus corax; eagle, owl

Plants: Asclepias subulata, Datura sp., Juncus sp., Linum sp., Nicotiana attenuata, Pellaea mucronata, Pinus sp., Salix sp.; ekwáRp, matapá, owáL

 

 

PAIPAI

 

Mammals: Odocoileus hemionus

Birds: eagle

Plants: Datura sp., Nicotiana attenuata

GENERAL BAJA CALIFORNIA

Plants: Prosopis sp.