{"id":439,"date":"2024-08-02T22:32:25","date_gmt":"2024-08-02T22:32:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gvu.ocl.mybluehost.me\/baja-and-california\/?page_id=439"},"modified":"2024-09-15T14:20:53","modified_gmt":"2024-09-15T14:20:53","slug":"bedrock-mortars","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sandiegoarchaeology.org\/baja-and-california\/bedrock-mortars\/","title":{"rendered":"Bedrock Mortars"},"content":{"rendered":"

Numerous bedrock mortars are found at some sites and in some portions of San Diego County, but they are scarce or absent in many areas. Mortars differ in their immediate contexts and in their forms. From such variations, inferences have been proposed relating to chronology, ethnicity, and function.<\/p>\n

Chronological issues concern the timing of the introduction of the mortar, the possibility that mortar use increased substantially during the Late Prehistoric period, and changes through time in mortar form. William J. Wallace (1955, 1962) suggested that the use of mortar and pestle was characteris\u00adtic only of the Late Prehistoric period. Claude N. Warren (1964, 1968) argued that mortars made their first appearance in coastal San Diego around 3000 B.C. and were associated with the desert-derived Campbell tradition. For northern interior San Diego County, D. L. True (1958, 1980; True and Waugh 1981) excluded bedrock mortars from the early Pauma complex and included them in the San Luis Rey I and II complexes, also suggesting that a substantial increase in mortar use had occurred with San Luis Rey II. True and Georgie Waugh (1981:107) suggested that San Luis Rey I sites had mortars that were notably shallower than the mortars at San Luis Rey II sites, and that the former “would have been efficient only when used with a basket hopper”.<\/p>\n

Ethnically, Luise\u00f1o territory in northern San Diego County has been observed to contain a higher ratio of bedrock mortars to bedrock basins and slicks than is found in Kumeyaay territory to the south. True (1966) suggested that the greater emphasis on manos and metates in Kumeyaay territory might reflect a stronger degree of cultural continuity from the Archaic period into the Late Prehistoric period, in contrast to a discontinuity associated with the “Shosho\u00adnean intrusion” of Takic-speaking Luise\u00f1o in the north.<\/p>\n

Functionally, mortars have most commonly been linked to the processing of acorns (e.g., Aschmann 1959:64). However, the ethnographic record indicates that a range of other plant food resources, small animals, and minerals for pigments were also processed in mortars (e.g., Barrows 1900; Bean 1972; Schroth 1996; Sparkman 1908). In the Jacumba\/McCain Valley region, mortars were found to be dispersed among a wide range of different ecological settings, lending some support to the hypothesis of multiple functions for the features (Laylander et al. 2015). Michael A. Glassow (1997a) suggested that early mortar use in southern California was focused on root processing. Elsewhere in California, mortar depth has been proposed as a basis for distinguishing mortars used to process acorns from those used for seeds (McCarthy et al. 1985). Waugh (1986) noted differences in average mortar depths between upland and lowland Luise\u00f1o sites and suggested that this might relate to differences in the resources being processed. She observed that deeper mortars were more frequent at higher elevations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Sites \/ Project<\/b><\/td>\nEthnic
\nGroup
\n(Heizer 1978)<\/b><\/td>\n		Elevation
\n(ft. AMSL)<\/b><\/td>\n		Number
\nof
\nMortars<\/b><\/td>\n		Diameter
\n(mm;
\nmean and
\nstandard
\ndeviation)<\/b><\/td>\n		Depth
\n(mm;
\nmean and
\nstandard
\ndeviation)<\/b><\/td>\n		References<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
SDI-217<\/td>\nLuise\u00f1o<\/td>\n5240<\/td>\n221<\/td>\n165 \u00b156<\/td>\n93 \u00b173<\/td>\nWaugh 1986<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
SDI-308<\/td>\nLuise\u00f1o<\/td>\n2700<\/td>\n81<\/td>\n163 \u00b142<\/td>\n98 \u00b155<\/td>\nTrue et al. 1991<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
SDI-539<\/td>\nLuise\u00f1o<\/td>\n4650<\/td>\n46<\/td>\n204 \u00b156<\/td>\n153 \u00b173<\/td>\nChace and Sutton 1978<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
SDI-649<\/td>\nLuise\u00f1o<\/td>\n400<\/td>\n15<\/td>\n171 \u00b128<\/td>\n55 \u00b139<\/td>\nRobbins-Wade 1991<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
SDI-674<\/td>\nLuise\u00f1o<\/td>\n120<\/td>\n36<\/td>\n214 \u00b148<\/td>\n103 \u00b165<\/td>\nRosen 1984<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
SDI-682<\/td>\nLuise\u00f1o<\/td>\n300<\/td>\n114<\/td>\n166 \u00b135<\/td>\n113 \u00b138<\/td>\nTrue et al. 1991<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
SDI-5589<\/td>\nLuise\u00f1o<\/td>\n250<\/td>\n11<\/td>\n158 \u00b121<\/td>\n70 \u00b132<\/td>\nFulmer 1985<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
SDI-7210A<\/td>\nLuise\u00f1o<\/td>\n1300<\/td>\n8<\/td>\n160 \u00b144<\/td>\n78 \u00b162<\/td>\nChace and Hightower 1979<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
SDI-7313\/7314<\/td>\nLuise\u00f1o<\/td>\n1050<\/td>\n8<\/td>\n157 \u00b128<\/td>\n93 \u00b129<\/td>\nCorum 1980a, 1980b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Frey Creek<\/td>\nLuise\u00f1o<\/td>\n820<\/td>\n32<\/td>\n150 \u00b135<\/td>\n55 \u00b139<\/td>\nTrue and Waugh 1981<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
SDI-799<\/td>\nCupe\u00f1o<\/td>\n2900<\/td>\n9<\/td>\n165 \u00b116<\/td>\n108 \u00b150<\/td>\nWhite et al. 1983<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cuyapaipe<\/td>\nTipai<\/td>\n5400<\/td>\n28<\/td>\n194 \u00b1–<\/td>\n119 \u00b181<\/td>\nTaylor and Carrico 1981<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kitchen Creek<\/td>\nTipai<\/td>\n3150<\/td>\n15<\/td>\n153 \u00b129<\/td>\n—<\/td>\nMay 1975<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
La Posta<\/td>\nTipai<\/td>\n3800<\/td>\n33<\/td>\n188 \u00b124<\/td>\n117 \u00b154<\/td>\nTaylor et al. 1982<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\"\"True, Rosemary Pankey, and Warren (1991) perceived some differentiation in mortar function both between sites in different settings and within individual sites. They proposed that intensive acorn processing, in contrast to multiple-resource processing, could be recognized on the basis of (a) a higher ratio of mortars to basins and slicks, (b) a higher ratio of mortar depth to diameter, and (c) a lower frequency of mortars superimposed upon or closely associated with other bedrock milling elements.<\/p>\n

In the Jacumba\/McCain Valley region, sites with mortars (n = 221) were found statistically to be located closer to water sources than were habitation sites or sites in general (Laylander et al. 2015). This may support the interpretation of mortars as having been used to process acorns, because the use of water to leach tannins from acorn mean is another essential element in its preparation.<\/p>\n

Joan S. Schneider and Bonnie Bruce (2009) applied experimental crossover immunological electrophoresis (CIEP) analysis to groundstone features, including mortars, in Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, to test for residues of specific resources processed in the features. The test results supported the feasibility of the technique, although the limited sampling did not warrant any extensive conclusions on feature functions.<\/p>\n

PROSPECTS<\/b><\/p>\n

Future archaeological investigations may be able to clarify the range of functions for which bedrock mortars were used and any association between different functions and morphological differences. Studies may also clarify the chronology of mortar use and its association with specific ethnic groups. Evidence relevant to these issues will include dates for sites containing mortars, the geographical distribution and frequency of mortars, environmental contexts of mortars, variability in such mortar characteristics as diameter and depth, association of mortars with other types of milling features, and floral, faunal, and mineral residues on mortars and pestles.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Numerous bedrock mortars are found at some sites and in some portions of San Diego County, but they are scarce or absent in many areas. Mortars differ in their immediate contexts and in their forms. From such variations, inferences have been proposed relating to chronology, ethnicity, and function. Chronological issues concern the timing of the introduction of the mortar, the possibility that mortar use increased substantially during the Late Prehistoric period, and changes through time in mortar form. William J. Wallace (1955, 1962) suggested that the use of mortar and pestle was characteris\u00adtic only of the Late Prehistoric period. Claude N. Warren (1964, 1968) argued that mortars made their first appearance in coastal San Diego around 3000 B.C. and were associated with the desert-derived Campbell tradition. For northern interior San Diego County, D. L. True (1958, 1980; True and Waugh 1981) excluded bedrock mortars from the early Pauma complex and included them in the San Luis Rey I and II complexes, also suggesting that a substantial increase in mortar use had occurred with San Luis Rey II. True and Georgie Waugh (1981:107) suggested that San Luis Rey I sites had mortars that were notably shallower than the mortars at San Luis Rey II sites, and that the former “would have been efficient only when used with a basket hopper”. Ethnically, Luise\u00f1o territory in northern San Diego County has been observed to contain a higher ratio of bedrock mortars to bedrock basins and slicks than is found in Kumeyaay territory to the south. True (1966) suggested that the greater emphasis on manos and metates in Kumeyaay territory might reflect a stronger degree of cultural continuity from the Archaic period into the Late Prehistoric period, in contrast to a discontinuity associated with the “Shosho\u00adnean intrusion” of Takic-speaking Luise\u00f1o in the north. Functionally, mortars have most commonly been linked to the processing of acorns (e.g., Aschmann 1959:64). However, the ethnographic record indicates that a range of other plant food resources, small animals, and minerals for pigments were also processed in mortars (e.g., Barrows 1900; Bean 1972; Schroth 1996; Sparkman 1908). In the Jacumba\/McCain Valley region, mortars were found to be dispersed among a wide range of different ecological settings, lending some support to the hypothesis of multiple functions for the features (Laylander et al. 2015). Michael A. Glassow (1997a) suggested that early mortar use in southern California was focused on root processing. Elsewhere in California, mortar depth has been proposed as a basis for distinguishing mortars used to process acorns from those used for seeds (McCarthy et al. 1985). Waugh (1986) noted differences in average mortar depths between upland and lowland Luise\u00f1o sites and suggested that this might relate to differences in the resources being processed. She observed that deeper mortars were more frequent at higher elevations. Sites \/ Project Ethnic Group (Heizer 1978) Elevation (ft. AMSL) Number of Mortars Diameter (mm; mean and standard deviation) Depth (mm; mean and standard deviation) References SDI-217 Luise\u00f1o 5240 221 165 \u00b156 93 \u00b173 Waugh 1986 SDI-308 Luise\u00f1o 2700 81 163 \u00b142 98 \u00b155 True et al. 1991 SDI-539 Luise\u00f1o 4650 46 204 \u00b156 153 \u00b173 Chace and Sutton 1978 SDI-649 Luise\u00f1o 400 15 171 \u00b128 55 \u00b139 Robbins-Wade 1991 SDI-674 Luise\u00f1o 120 36 214 \u00b148 103 \u00b165 Rosen 1984 SDI-682 Luise\u00f1o 300 114 166 \u00b135 113 \u00b138 True et al. 1991 SDI-5589 Luise\u00f1o 250 11 158 \u00b121 70 \u00b132 Fulmer 1985 SDI-7210A Luise\u00f1o 1300 8 160 \u00b144 78 \u00b162 Chace and Hightower 1979 SDI-7313\/7314 Luise\u00f1o 1050 8 157 \u00b128 93 \u00b129 Corum 1980a, 1980b Frey Creek Luise\u00f1o 820 32 150 \u00b135 55 \u00b139 True and Waugh 1981 SDI-799 Cupe\u00f1o 2900 9 165 \u00b116 108 \u00b150 White et al. 1983 Cuyapaipe Tipai 5400 28 194 \u00b1– 119 \u00b181 Taylor and Carrico 1981 Kitchen Creek Tipai 3150 15 153 \u00b129 — May 1975 La Posta Tipai 3800 33 188 \u00b124 117 \u00b154 Taylor et al. 1982 True, Rosemary Pankey, and Warren (1991) perceived some differentiation in mortar function both between sites in different settings and within individual sites. They proposed that intensive acorn processing, in contrast to multiple-resource processing, could be recognized on the basis of (a) a higher ratio of mortars to basins and slicks, (b) a higher ratio of mortar depth to diameter, and (c) a lower frequency of mortars superimposed upon or closely associated with other bedrock milling elements. In the Jacumba\/McCain Valley region, sites with mortars (n = 221) were found statistically to be located closer to water sources than were habitation sites or sites in general (Laylander et al. 2015). This may support the interpretation of mortars as having been used to process acorns, because the use of water to leach tannins from acorn mean is another essential element in its preparation. Joan S. Schneider and Bonnie Bruce (2009) applied experimental crossover immunological electrophoresis (CIEP) analysis to groundstone features, including mortars, in Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, to test for residues of specific resources processed in the features. The test results supported the feasibility of the technique, although the limited sampling did not warrant any extensive conclusions on feature functions. PROSPECTS Future archaeological investigations may be able to clarify the range of functions for which bedrock mortars were used and any association between different functions and morphological differences. Studies may also clarify the chronology of mortar use and its association with specific ethnic groups. Evidence relevant to these issues will include dates for sites containing mortars, the geographical distribution and frequency of mortars, environmental contexts of mortars, variability in such mortar characteristics as diameter and depth, association of mortars with other types of milling features, and floral, faunal, and mineral residues on mortars and pestles.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-439","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nBedrock Mortars - Baja California and Southern California<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Functionally, mortars have most commonly been linked to the processing of acorns as well as a other plant food, small animals, and pigments\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sandiegoarchaeology.org\/baja-and-california\/bedrock-mortars\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Bedrock Mortars - 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